Understanding and Statically Detecting Synchronization Performance Bugs in Distributed Cloud Systems

Recent developments in the field of cyber physical systems (CPS) and internet of things (IoT) open up new possibilities in manufacturing. CPS and IoT represent enabling means for facilitating the companies’ adaptation to the ever-changing market needs and adoption of individualized manufacturing paradigm. It is foreseen that implementation of CPS and IoT will lead to new industrial revolution known as Industry 4.0. The fourth industrial revolution will bring about the radical changes in manufacturing process control through distribution of control tasks to intelligent devices. On the other hand, over the last decades International Electrotechnical Commission invested significant efforts in generation of the standard IEC 61499 for distributed automation systems. In this paper we provide the outline of the interconnection of IEC 61499 standard and Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 in cyber physical production systems. The findings of the paper are illustrated using a realistic case study—an example of pneumatic manipulator that is made of CPS devices.

Chapter 15 - A reliable blockchain and edge–cloud architecture for facilitating fault-tolerant IoT applications

Since the Internet of Things (IoT) will be entwined with everything we use in our daily life, the consequence of security flaws escalates. Smart objects will govern most of the home appliances and car engines yielding potential disaster scenarios. In this context, successful attacks could lead to chaos and scary scenarios (www.darkreading.com). Unprotected personal information may expose sensitive and embarrassing data to the public and attacks may threaten not only our computers and smart devices, but our intimacy and perhaps our lives too. Because persons and objects will be bonded with each other, user consent becomes critical. Therefore, thing, object, and user Identity will be the focus of future IoT security solutions, yielding a Trust, Security, and Privacy (TSP) paradigm, which may constitute the Achilles' heel of IoT. While security issues are quite straightforward, mainly from background knowledge, privacy issues are far more complex. Privacy constitutes a rather challenging task, even for the m...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a constantly growing environment for connecting hardware, software, physical things, and communicating devices altogether or individually over a network with or without human interventions. It collects, computes, and exchanges data together. This quality of IoT makes the platform flexible for the variety of applications that work on this technology to get incredible benefits, including healthcare domains. In the olden days, the medical system does not have any digital file system, clinical data monitoring, and cyber-physical systems. Cyber Physical System (CPS) is the nucleus of IoT. The smart parameters of IoT create an interesting thing on the Internet of Healthcare System (IoHT) and keep the best place in revenue. Apart from smart homes, cities, and smart devices, IoT established a vital position in IoT. The security and the privacy of Healthcare data should be managed properly. Thus, making a new concept into it called, “Blockchain.” This not only marks its step in cryptocurrencies, but it also tights the security and privacy of all types of data, and it supports heterogeneous applications, especially IoT-based applications. This article describes the Blockchain-IoT-based healthcare applications, security of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), and the future direction in the healthcare system based on Blockchain.

The growing requirement for the rise of production, quality, and efficiency of industrial products drives humans to jointly develop novel technologies capable of following up with the exponential technology growth they are facing today in production processes. In the 21st century, industrial internet of things (IIoT) is dedicated to endorsing the internet of things (IoT) to allow the interconnection of anywhere, any time, and anything to enhance efficiency, productivity, intelligence, and safety in the manufacturing system. Consequently, the combined IoT and cyber physical system (CPS) in IIoT will have an influence on industrial techniques through the industrial 4.0 confluence to encourage connected factories. CPS effectively combines physical and cyber components employing modern components such as sensors, network, and computing technologies. But various securities challenges rising in the CPS, like increasing cyberattacks due to the increase in IoT devices, modelling of security threads, CPS vulnerabilities assessment development techniques, and designing of fault-tolerant architectures, motivate new technologies to meet CPS requirements in order to offer security, confidentiality, and reliability of users’ data. Thus, this chapter presents the classification of various existing studies based on CPS security in terms of IIoT applications. Also, it provides the limitations, shortcomings, CPS architectures, and future potential applications to help researchers in the context of practical work.

This article conducts a literature review of current and future challenges in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cyber physical systems. The literature review is focused on identifying a conceptual framework for increasing resilience with AI through automation supporting both, a technical and human level. The methodology applied resembled a literature review and taxonomic analysis of complex internet of things (IoT) interconnected and coupled cyber physical systems. There is an increased attention on propositions on models, infrastructures and frameworks of IoT in both academic and technical papers. These reports and publications frequently represent a juxtaposition of other related systems and technologies (e.g. Industrial Internet of Things, Cyber Physical Systems, Industry 4.0 etc.). We review academic and industry papers published between 2010 and 2020. The results determine a new hierarchical cascading conceptual framework for analysing the evolution of AI decision-making in cyber physical systems. We argue that such evolution is inevitable and autonomous because of the increased integration of connected devices (IoT) in cyber physical systems. To support this argument, taxonomic methodology is adapted and applied for transparency and justifications of concepts selection decisions through building summary maps that are applied for designing the hierarchical cascading conceptual framework.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is gradually finding its way in virtually every industry; however, beyond adding more sensors and measuring and controlling previously inaccessible domains, it is also about transforming ‘legacy’ approaches to control systems, such as those used in Building Management Systems (BMS), by leveraging on the advantages brought by Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). The purpose of this paper is to address several issues gradually emerging in the process of applying the CPS and IoT paradigms to revolutionise BMS. The results of this on-going research aim to help avoid potential pitfalls and provide a sound platform for taking advantage of the benefits brought by this technology in a feasible, effective and controlled manner. More specifically, the paper will address i) the changing meaning of interoperability in the context of the explosion in the number of IoT devices, ii) the need for guidance in adopting sustainable CPS and IoT platforms supporting BMS, based on appropriate non-functional and viable systems principles, iii) emerging issues in the BMS ‘cloudification’ endeavour and iv) the lack of data sources’ correlation resulting in sub-optimal data quality and detail in using Big Data technologies to enable effective analytics for prompt BMS decision-making.

Trust is an invisible behavior of any entity. An entity could be a living being or a cyber-physical system. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a connected network of smart objects or things where trusted relationships are crucial. Trust in an entity can increase or decrease based on different parameters and properties of the specific entity. Trusted relationships can dynamically reach based on contextual data collected over time. The heterogeneous behavior of IoT devices makes trust measurement more difficult. The massive deployment of IoT devices and related innovative IoT applications leads to exploring new trust management frameworks for the IoT paradigm. Emerging IoT applications need to trust entities deployed by third-party providers. Innovative external IoT applications need to be dynamically trusted by the IoT devices and IoT gateways. Dynamic trust achievement is a complex process when an entity is new within the network. In this article, we have defined the trust management for IoT and discussed the need for trusted architecture for dynamic IoT infrastructure, and elaborated the requirements of trust management policies. We have also heightened the need for decentralized architecture for trust management for the Internet of Things (IoT). A new edge-centric multi-agent-based dynamic and decentralized trust management model is proposed and simulated to solve the aforementioned issues. The results of this work are useful for further research in the field of trust management for IoT.

This chapter presents a combined approach to visualize the IoT and cyber-physical system in any wireless communication networks. The brief overview of IoT and its applications in wireless sensor network (WSN) are elaborated in current era. In today’s present situation and the challenges faced during COVID-19 pandemic how the things can be monitored through IoT is being focused in this chapter. Also, the threats challenges and monitoring of cyber-physical system for security is presented in analysis form. WSN provides a bridge between the physical and virtual world and finds use in numerous applications like environmental monitoring, civil structural health monitoring and industrial process monitoring. Lately, it has found much use in the latest technology called Internet of Things (IoT). It seems that IoT has a great potential in shaping our future where everything will be connected together all the time. The major challenges faced by WSN include energy-efficiency, heterogeneity, and systematic design. WSN comprise of autonomous sensors which are capable of wirelessly transmitting their sensed parameter-values (also called packets) to remotely 188located sink node. The sink node is a WSN node which has the capability to assemble the data from all the nodes and forward it to farther distances to the remote base station through wired connections. The data transmission from source node to sink node is done by taking multi-hops which means that data is not sent directly to the destination node but through jumping from one intermediate node to another until the sink is reached. The sensor nodes also act as wireless routers which transmit data to other sensor-routers. So, sensor devices are very useful in deployment, collection of data, act as a IoT sensor devices as an application in technology. IoT is a device which can be used as application while a cyber-physical system is a collection of various mechanical components which are controlled and managed by different devices and algorithms. An IFM (Information Flow Monitor) is an application to backtrack queries and find the culprit in an error that has occurred in the cyber system. However, while backtracking and flow monitoring is not always guaranteed in terms of secure and efficient transaction. In some cases, the sender may deny the authority of the data so the information flow monitors may fail to provide a trustful and authentic source of data. Thus, the chapter focuses on both the issues of IoT integration with cyber-physical security (CPS) system. The key challenges and some solutions are proposed for the researchers for future work.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are an expansive heterogeneous field, where technologies are replaced faster than the engineering staff. As a consequence, traditions for education and graduation of engineers of IoT and CPS are not yet established. Cybersecurity is essential for new innovations, economic growth and public safety. On the other hand, Center for Cyber Safety and Education estimates that by 2022 there is a deficit of 350 000 cybersecurity specialists in the private sector in Europe. This paper has two contributions: First, it presents an example how an industry-university collaboration on IoT cyber security education could be organized. Then, the data be produced during the collaboration course is analyzed and compared to literature for answering to the main research question: How can future educational competences with regard to resilient cyber-physical systems be understood? Due to the multifaceted nature of the cybersecurity, previous development of degree programmes tend to synthesize either technical or societal subjects. Real multi-disciplinary synthesis has remained complicated. Our main conclusion is that future competences with regard to CPS are multidisciplinary including many industrial sectors and academic disciplines as well as multiple theories. On the other hand, traditional security thinking is not possible within new heavily interconnected systems of systems, and we should move towards resilience thinking.

The evolution of wireless communication is motivating the expansion of the scope of the Internet of Things (IoT) to an even greater scale. By 2020, it is anticipated that 50 billion devices will be connected to wireless networks. However, IoT is still limited in its reach owing to constraints associated with terrestrial networks. In an attempt to enhance the service and spatial scope of IoT, we have introduced the Internet of Space Things (IoST), a novel cyber-physical system that spans air, ground, and space. IoST leverages recent advancements, and our prior experience, in nanosatellite design, along with Software-defined Networking, and Network Function Virtualization to create an end-to-end platform for sensing and data delivery across the globe. In this paper, we review the key concepts of IoST and provide a comprehensive performance evaluation of the system. More specifically, we evaluate the impact of different orbital configurations and carrier frequencies (ranging from the S-band all the way to THz) on data rates, link latencies, next-hop availability and access durations. Further, we also present additional performance metrics in the context of a case-study involving end-to-end data delivery between two major cities. Based on the results obtained, we note the potential of IoST for a wide variety of use-cases including but not limited to remote sensing, cellular backhauling, and mission critical communications.

Recently, vast investments have been made worldwide in developing Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) as solutions to key socio-economic challenges. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) has also enjoyed widespread adoption, mostly for its ability to add “sensing” and “actuation” capabilities to existing CPS infrastructures. However, attention must be paid to the impact of IoT protocols on the dependability of CPS infrastructures. We address the issues of CPS dependability by using an epidemic model of the underlying dynamics within the CPS’ IoT subsystem (CPS-IoT) and an interference-aware routing reconfiguration. These help to efficiently monitor CPS infrastructure—avoiding routing oscillation, while improving its safety. The contributions of this paper are threefold. Firstly, a CPS orchestration model is proposed that relies upon: (i) Inbound surveillance and outbound actuation to improve dependability and (ii) a novel information diffusion model that uses epidemic states and diffusion sets to produce diffusion patterns across the CPS-IoT. Secondly, the proposed CPS orchestration model is numerically analysed to show its dependability for both sensitive and non-sensitive applications. Finally, a novel interference-aware clustering protocol called “INMP”, which enables network reconfiguration through migration of nodes across clusters, is proposed. It is then bench-marked against prominent IoT protocols to assess its impact on the dependability of the CPS.

This chapter presents a summary of the current status and the latest advancement of Cloud technology, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of Things (IoT) in manufacturing, where CPS is treated as a main thread. In order to understand CPS and its future potential in manufacturing, definitions and characteristics of CPS are explained and compared with cloud manufacturing and IoT concepts. Research and application potentials are outlined to highlight the latest advancement and future directions in the manufacturing domain. Cloud-based CPS shows great promise in factories of the future in the areas of future trends as identified at the end of this chapter.

Middleware-based Cyber-Physical Production System Modeling for Operators

Technology has immense power to transform the life of every individual whom breaths on the blue-planet provided its efficient utilization. From hyperloop to smart homes, it is a future that one can only see to believe. With the ever-expanding population rates, almost exponentially, in developing countries like India, almost 70% of the world population would be living in the cities by 2025 and technology would have to play a rescuer for accommodating a large number of people in the cities with basic amenities available to one and all along with fighting various challenges such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, so on and so forth. The age-old notions of impossible have long been challenged and bypassed with the ever-evolving technical solutions and rendered us an innovation that is rapidly taking over the world, i.e., IoT (Internet of Things). With its aid, our century can easily be termed as the age of speaking machines that could serve as a solution for our long pending problems for development. This chapter focuses on the introduction to IoT and cyber physical systems with a detailed discussion of potential threats to IoT technology.