Unexpected benefits of testing

This article examines the recruitment, and employment in Saudi Arabia, of Italian labour by the Arabian American Oil Company in the immediate post‐war (1939–45) years. The Italians, mainly skilled construction labourers and technicians, were recruited from the former Italian colony of Eritrea as an alternative to importing costly American personnel. Discussion focuses on the economic and social discrimination which the Italians experienced, their resulting industrial disputes and the intervention of the Italian, Saudi and American governments.

We are currently experiencing the rapid growth of technology-based distance learning courses and programs in higher education, K-12 education, training, and other non-traditional learning contexts. With the proliferation of e-Learning courses and programs, it is important that instructional designers, instructional technologists, and others think critically about the nature of their research and practice. A number of questions and issues need to be addressed. For example, many individuals use the terms virtual space, virtual learning, and virtual learning communities when discussing e-Learning design and development. Do we all attach the same meaning to these terms? Probably not. As we design Web-based courses, should we try and use the structure of the traditional classroom as the metaphor for the “online” classroom? This is certainly an open question, given the criticisms that many students and trainees voice concerning traditional classroom instruction and training. Are the relevant instructional design, development, and policy issues the same for higher education, K-12 education, and training in the private sector? What are the implications and effects of using templates and various server software including WebCT, Blackboard, and other programs when designing and developing e-Learning programs? Finally, what can be learned from those individuals who have made pioneering efforts to design and develop online courses? The contributors to this issue of the Quarterly Review of Distance Education directly address many of these questions.Richard Schwier discusses the concept of learning communities in general and virtual learning communities in particular. Schwier describes three aspects of virtual learning communities including the elements, purposes, and the catalysts of virtual learning communities. The catalysts discussed include alignment, engagement, and interaction. In addition, a number of research issues concerning virtual learning communities are presented.The implications of the rapid growth of e-Learning in training, academic education, and non-traditional learning environments for instructional designers are discussed by Wellesley (“Rob”) Foshay, who argues that each context will place different demands on instructional designers. In particular, Foshay discusses the issues and events that are affecting academic organizations, training organizations, and non-traditional educational settings, and the implications for instructional design research and practice in each of the three environments.The implications of using various server-based courseware tools for developing Web-based courses are discussed by Douglas Harvey and Jung Lee. Certainly, courseware tools can help instructional designers and developers be more efficient when developing online courses. But at what cost? Harvey and Lee provide a critical discussion of how effective template-based approaches are for the development of online learning courses. In particular, some of the specific issues discussed include the pedagogical impact of courseware tools, the visual interface, navigation layout, and interaction implications for online courses. Finally, the instructional design implications when using online development tools and server software are discussed.In the final two articles in this issue, the authors identify some lessons learned from the development and delivery of online courses. Barbara Bichelmeyer, Melanie Misanchuk, and Larissa Malopinsky discuss the adaptation of an existing residential course to a Web-based course. Lessons learned from three different literature bases and results of the adaptation, design, and development processes are also analyzed. Tiffany Koszalka and Mary Beth Bianco focus on the importance of instructors in online learning courses. Specific issues and lessons learned by instructors who have “taught” online courses are described and specific areas and questions for research in online learning environments are presented.Critical issues, both for research and development, that instructional designers and instructional technologists will need to think about as they transition their work to e-Learning environments are identified and discussed in this issue of the Quarterly Review of Distance Education. Much potential as well as problems exist for the design of instruction in an e-Learning environment. Critically important is that individuals in the field of instructional design and technology be actively involved in theory development, research, and the design and development of online learning courses and programs.

The Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas in Greece has named Raymond E. Goldstein, an associate professor of physics and of applied mathematics at the University of Arizona, as the winner of the Pnevmatikos Award in Nonlinear Science for 2000. The foundation recognized “his contributions to the understanding of pattern formation involving the dynamics of filaments, interfaces and surfaces, combining powerful mathematical methods with penetrating physical arguments, numerical computations, and experiments to clarify nonlinear phenomena in a wide variety of physical and biological systems.” The award will be presented next month at an international conference on Crete.At the American Physical Society March meeting in Seattle, Taekjip Ha, an assistant professor of physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, received the 2001 Outstanding Young Researcher Award from the Association of Korean Physicists in America. The association acknowledged Ha for “his truly outstanding scholarly and pioneering research on the biological physics in the field of single-molecule fluorescence.” Dirk Rischke joined the University of Frankfurt in Germany earlier this year as the chair for theoretical heavy-ion physics. He previously was a RIKEN–BNL Research Fellow with the Brookhaven National Laboratory theory group. Rischke succeeds Walter Greiner, who will retire in three years. Until that time, Rischke and Greiner will be working together to ensure a smooth transition.At the annual Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers honors ceremony next month in Jersey City, New Jersey, Herwig Kogelnik will receive the IEEE’s highest award, the 2001 IEEE Medal of Honor. Kogelnik is adjunct photonics systems research vice president at Lucent Technologies’ Bell Labs in Holmdel, New Jersey. According to the citation, he is being acknowledged for “fundamental contributions to the science and technology of lasers and optoelectronics, and for leadership in research and development of photonics and lightwave communication systems.”On the occasion of his retirement in March from MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Dieter J. Sigmar, senior research scientist, received the US Department of Energy’s Distinguished Associate Award. He was honored, in part, for his “contributions to our understanding of plasma confinement, the physics of burning plasmas, and the role of the plasma edge,” according to the citation, which also noted that his “commitment to international fusion collaboration and stimulation of theory programs around the world has been critical to our progress in fusion science research.” Sigmar plans to continue working on transport theory in tokamak plasmas with his MIT colleagues and following developments worldwide in the physics of burning plasmas. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Environment Center (SEC) is the principal U.S. governmental agency for providing space weather data, information, and forecasts across the user spectrum, including industry, other government entities, and the public. A major change in the reporting structure of the center is poised to occur later this year when Congress approves the fiscal year 2005 budget proposed by the Bush administration. The activities of the SEC, together with its proposed budget, will move from under NOAA's research budget and administration to that of the National Weather Service (NWS), which is also administered by NOAA. The weather service will receive augmented funding to accommodate the SEC as one of the service's National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The move, however, is more than a mere change in the wiring diagram for NOAA's administration. It would appear that NOAA is becoming more serious in recognizing and appreciating the essential responsibility that it, through the SEC, holds for supporting the nation's space environment needs. Indeed, the wording in the NWS portion of the NOAA budget strongly acknowledges this, requesting that Congress “allow the NWS to maintain the SEC's critical forecasts and products in support of the Nation's energy and telecommunications industries, NASA, and the [U.S. Department of Defense].” The SEC has long had, as a part of its mission, a research component. This activity allows the center to maintain an awareness of, and contribute to, advances in solar-terrestrial research, especially as applied to space weather. The NOAA budget for FY2005 suggests that this will continue as the SEC comes under the NWS umbrella, stating that the center “will continue to support the research framework necessary to ensure that new research findings are utilized.” We hope this will continue to be the case over the long term. In addition, the National Weather Service has a long history of interacting with private suppliers of weather information and providing value-added products. Such private-public interactions have sparked tensions in the past between the weather service and the atmospheric weather community, similar to concerns now beginning to be felt in the space weather community (see the related article on this topic by Genene Fisher in Space Weather). We hope the experiences encountered, and lessons learned, in the space and atmospheric weather communities will be beneficial to all parties as private-sector space weather services become stronger over time and as the SEC continues to grow in its service to all users. Louis J. Lanzerotti is Editor of Space Weather, a distinguished research professor at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, and a consulting physicist at Lucent Technologies’ Bell Laboratories.

Minimizing a tanker's total turn-around time from arrival to departure at the Arabian American Oil Company's (Aramco) Ju'aymah Terminal is a primary operating goal of Aramco and its cargo receivers. Saudi Arabia's Ju'aymah Export Terminal, the largest single point mooring (SPM) terminal in operation, is designed for loading 200 MDWT and larger tankers and has an export capacity of 6 million barrels per day. The design basis for Ju'aymah Terminal is an instantaneous maximum loading rate of 130,000 barrels per hour (BPH). The actual average 10ading rate ofa11 ships 10ading crude in 1978 and 1979 was approx1mate1y 70,000 BPH. In evaluating Aramco's ship-loading performance at Ju'aymah, the practice of comparing the maximum instantaneous design rate with a monthly average loading rate is not accurate. This paper presents an analysis developed by Aramco for evaluating Ju'aymah Terminal's loading efficiency; a real time analysis of 272 ships loaded in two separate months of 1978, and two separate months of 1979. The paper describes a standard against which Aramco's actual performance is validly compared, defined as minimum loading time (MLT). The MLT is the time required to load the bulk of the cargo at the maximum system rate or the ship's requested rate. The MLT and the actual loading time (ALT) are derived from ship loading records and the difference is defined as excess loading time (ELT). The ELT results are categorized by ship down-time, ship multi-cargo loading, delays due to system shipping limitations, equipment problems both onshore and offshore, and operation inefficiency. The ELT categories define the areas in which improved terminal efficiency can be achieved. The analysis of the existing terminal facilities indicates that the maximum attainable loading rate is 88,000 BPH compared to a maximum instantaneous loading rate of 130,000 BPH. INTRODUCTION In 1978-1979 the average loading rate of all ships that loaded crude oil at Ju'aymah was slightly over 70,000 BPH. This is much lower than the design instantaneous loading rate of 130,000 BPH. Why is there such a large discrepancy between terminal facility design capacity and actual terminal performance? If the 1978-1979 Ju'aymah average loading rate is improvable, what average loading rate is attainable over the long term? This paper summarizes Aramco's analysis of the Ju'aymah Terminal loading rates and answers the loading rate questions posed above. Minimizing the ship's total turn-around time from arrival to departure at both Aramco terminals is of concern to Aramco and its cargo receivers. However, this paper is so1e1y concerned with loading rates and loading times at Ju'aymah Terminal, i.e. that portion of Aramco port time between the ship's order to commence loading and the final order to terminate loading. No detailed analysis of non-loading berth time was made, nor was any significant consideration given to analyzing components of Aramco port time while not in berth. Saudi Arabia's Ju'aymah Crude Oil Export Terminal, operated and maintained by Aramco, is a crude oil and fuel oil bunker loading facility.

Preventive measures against MERS-CoV for Hajj pilgrims

physica status solidi (a)Volume 43, Issue 1 p. K45-K48 Short Note Thermal behavior of the shape and width of the 9145Å laser line of Nd3+ in CaWO4 R. Moncorge, R. Moncorge Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill Search for more papers by this authorD. Pacheco, D. Pacheco Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill Search for more papers by this authorB. Di Bartolo, B. Di Bartolo Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill Search for more papers by this author R. Moncorge, R. Moncorge Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill Search for more papers by this authorD. Pacheco, D. Pacheco Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill Search for more papers by this authorB. Di Bartolo, B. Di Bartolo Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill Search for more papers by this author First published: 16 September 1977 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2210430153Citations: 9 Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167, USA. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume43, Issue116 September 1977Pages K45-K48 RelatedInformation

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 171, Issue 1 p. 61-66 SINGLET OXYGEN AND POSSIBLE MIMICS IN SENSITIZED PHOTOOXYGENATIONS Anthony M. Trozzolo Ph.D., Anthony M. Trozzolo Ph.D. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this authorSusan R. Fahrenholtz M.S, Susan R. Fahrenholtz M.S Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this author Anthony M. Trozzolo Ph.D., Anthony M. Trozzolo Ph.D. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this authorSusan R. Fahrenholtz M.S, Susan R. Fahrenholtz M.S Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1970 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb39301.xCitations: 22AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume171, Issue1International Conference on Singlet Molecular Oxygen and its Role in Environmental SciencesOctober 1970Pages 61-66 RelatedInformation

Transactions of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 28, Issue 2 Series II p. 304-315 DIVISION OF POLYMER SCIENCE: OXIDATIVE EMBRITTLEMENT OF POLYETHYLENE* F. H. Winslow, F. H. Winslow Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this authorW. Matreyek, W. Matreyek Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this authorS. M. Stills, S. M. Stills Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this author F. H. Winslow, F. H. Winslow Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this authorW. Matreyek, W. Matreyek Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this authorS. M. Stills, S. M. Stills Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1965 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1965.tb02882.xCitations: 8 † This paper, illustrated with slides, was presented at a meeting of the Division on October 27, 1965. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume28, Issue2 Series IIDecember 1965Pages 304-315 RelatedInformation

Although many instructional technologists have suggested that teachers should be trained in using instructional design models, few studies have been conducted to determine if teachers can be successful in acquiring and applying these models. The purpose of this study was to examine preservice teacher success in acquiring and applying principles of learning and instructional design. Preservice teachers enrolled in a professional teacher preparation program were taught the essentials of learning and competency-based instruction and were required to plan a lesson using these concepts. Results indicate that most of the preservice teachers were successful in acquiring and using the principles of learning and instructional design.

Performance + InstructionVolume 33, Issue 7 p. 3-8 Article Evaluating computer-based training for repurposing to multimedia: A case study Martin Tessmer, Martin Tessmer Martin Tessmer is professor of Instructional Design at the University of South Alabama. He completed his PhD in instructional design at Florida State University in 1982. Over the past dozen years, he has worked as an instructional design consultant to postsecondary administration and faculty at four different institutions. He has participated in over 100 instructional design projects. He is the author of Planning and Conducting Formative Evaluations and has co-author three other books. He can be reached at room 3105, University Commons, University of South Alabama, Mobile AL 36688. Telephone 205/380-2864; fax 205/380-2758; mtessmer@jaguarl.usouthal.edu is his Internet address.Search for more papers by this authorDavid Jonassen, David Jonassen David Jonassen is Professor of Instructional Technology at Penn State University. He has authored numerous books and articles on a wide range of instructional technology topics, including the recently released Structural Learning (with Barbara Grabowski) and the Handbook of Task Analysis Procedures (with Martin Tessmer and Wallace Hannum). His specialties are multimedia, hypermedia, structural learning, and constructivism.Search for more papers by this author Martin Tessmer, Martin Tessmer Martin Tessmer is professor of Instructional Design at the University of South Alabama. He completed his PhD in instructional design at Florida State University in 1982. Over the past dozen years, he has worked as an instructional design consultant to postsecondary administration and faculty at four different institutions. He has participated in over 100 instructional design projects. He is the author of Planning and Conducting Formative Evaluations and has co-author three other books. He can be reached at room 3105, University Commons, University of South Alabama, Mobile AL 36688. Telephone 205/380-2864; fax 205/380-2758; mtessmer@jaguarl.usouthal.edu is his Internet address.Search for more papers by this authorDavid Jonassen, David Jonassen David Jonassen is Professor of Instructional Technology at Penn State University. He has authored numerous books and articles on a wide range of instructional technology topics, including the recently released Structural Learning (with Barbara Grabowski) and the Handbook of Task Analysis Procedures (with Martin Tessmer and Wallace Hannum). His specialties are multimedia, hypermedia, structural learning, and constructivism.Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1994 https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4160330703Citations: 7 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume33, Issue7August 1994Pages 3-8 RelatedInformation

The front cover of Interface illustrates one of the greatest challenges and successes of dielectrics in microelectronics today, the growth of a layer of SiO2, 60 nanometers long and 1.2 nanometers thick, that is essentially defect free. This electronic gate, approximately 240 atoms long by 5 atoms thick, permits precise control of the flow of electrons across the channel of the transistor. The work shown here was done by Greg Timp and his colleagues at Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies. In this case, it is the insulator that ultimately controls the performance of the transistor. The work represented on the cover is just one example of how the interests of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division of ECS are having some of the greatest impact in the field of microelectronics.

The aim of this study was to assess compliance with standard precautions by Saudi nursing interns who were undergoing their internship training in four governmental tertiary teaching hospitals in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to determine factors predictive of this. Cross-transmission and infection prevention when delivering care must be strictly followed by nursing interns by complying with standard precautions during internship training. The study employed a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional design. A total of 224 nursing interns participated in the study by completing the Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale Arabic version between March 2017 and June 2017. A high overall compliance rate (84.8%) was observed. Nursing interns reported the highest compliance score in changing gloves between each patient contact and the lowest score in disposing of sharps boxes only when full. Nursing interns in hospital D showed the highest compliance rate over those in other hospitals. Age, sex, marital status, months in internship training and attendance of nursing interns in infection control seminars/trainings influenced their standard precautions compliance. The study revealed good compliance by nursing interns with standard precautions. However, regular educational and clinical interventions are still needed to improve some areas and to ensure the continuity of high levels of compliance in other areas of standard precautions among nursing interns.

"Stormer, Prof. Horst Ludwig, (born 6 April 1949), physicist; Professor of Physics and Applied Physics, Columbia University, 1998, now Emeritus; Adjunct Physics Director, Lucent Technologies (formerly AT&T Bell Laboratories), 1997–2006" published on by Oxford University Press.

Current efforts in the Process Analytical Chemistry and Control Technology group at Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, have focused on the development of an on-line method for real-time characterization of organic-containing effluents (principally trimethyamine (TMA) and methanol) produced during a high-temperature processing. On-line analysis of the gas streams was performed by combining FT-IR spectrometry with partial least squares (PLS) to obtain quantitative information for process control. The gas-phase infrared spectra were measured at a resolution of 16 cm-1 under atmospheric conditions. The correlation coefficients for all the components including water were larger than 0.999, and the standard errors of prediction were much less than 1% by weight. The effect of CO2 on the predictability of other components is discussed. Results of our experiment showed that the predicted errors for TMA and methanol increased by as much as 10 and 15%, respectively, as the amount of CO2 increased to 100% of the...