Walk Under the Midnight Sun

THE WORD KEYWORD itself does not appear in Dr Johnson's Dictionary, and it did not enter the vocabulary until the mid-nineteenth century, where it stood, broadly, for that which is central or essential. Increasingly dated with the sciences and with computerized access to knowledge, it was first promoted to philosophical significance by Raymond Williams, whose Keywords was first published in 1975 In that brilliant little book, which was a spin-off from his Culture and Society published nearly twenty years earlier, Williams completed an intellectual task which he had found necessary for his own survival in Britain after World War n; that is to say, relating his grasp of the rapidly evolving world to which he returned after military service to his understanding of the big words deployed in and by that society; their history as words, or philological evolution; their history as words in social time, whose meanings had changed because the world around them changed; and their political history, a subject in which Williams was particularly invested. Raymond Williams deserves to be remembered as a totality, not merely as the author of Keywords. Born into a working-class family in Wales, Williams got as far as an M .A. at Cambridge before going to war, in an antitank regiment, in 1941. After the war he spent 20 years as an extra-mural teacher at Oxford, learning about the value of education the hard way, by delivering it to working adults who had for class reasons been excluded from it. In the 1950s he began to publish, and by the time he died in 1988 his resume included 650 publications, including 27 academic books, 5 novels, 3 plays, and more than 500 articles and reviews. He was one of the first to appreciate the opportunities and perils of television. He was one of the first of the so-called historians, or critics, or materialists (each shades into the other), and was enormously influential in the new discipline of studies that developed in Birmingham under Richard Hoggart, followed by Stuart Hall. Nowadays cultural studs itself has become a key-phrase for things going on the academy that not everyone approves of. What Williams accomplished was to reunite vague conceptual terms (creativity, culture individual and some and some clearly material facts (education, literacy, the press, television, drama) in a loose family of social and historical relationships that gave added meaning to both. For Williams, democracy, a crucial keyword for both of us, is indissolubly connected to public education and hence to literacy in the broadest sense. William was an educational socialist. By the late 1960s, he might have become a little too much of a Marxist for his own theoretical longevity, though he consistently critiqued vulgar Marxism for its overemphasis on mere economic causation. By 1975, when he published Keywords, William had arrived at the doctrine that language itself is causative, that the active meanings and values expressed in language exert a formative social force. When I say language itself, I do not imply an impersonal force independent of human speakers and writers. Williams's theory was in fact a reaction against the notion of a sealed-off world of language, whether bellelettrist or Derridean. But you cannot fully understand the subtle engineering of men, by men, that words enable and, more importantly, you cannot yourself become an engineer, unless you know the social etymology of words, their function over historical time. Because he was an optimist, for Williams this formative social force, if widely understood, might eventually lead us to a better kind of democracy. In his disarmingly modest introduction to Keywords, as modest as Johnson's but without the melancholy, Williams told his audience in 1975 that it all began with his dissatisfaction with the big word culture, with the way in which it bore several quite distinct meanings in ordinary conversation, meanings which didn't seem to be cognate with each other. …

Collaboration is widely identified as a force for good, with a wide range of benefits attributed to it, but considerable variations exist in descriptions of exactly what constitutes collaboration and how it is undertaken in practice. In the face of this diversity it becomes difficult to understand how effectively the process of collaboration is being undertaken. In this research, value concept principles are adopted in an exploration of collaboration processes in order to derive a better understanding of how organisations establish new collaborations, and to gain insights into the situational factors and human behaviour that may lead to improved collaboration effectiveness. The research design featured a constructivist version of grounded theory used in conjunction with the complementary techniques of Situational Analysis. This design is particularly suited to the research context in which social processes feature prominently and in which the objectives include theory development. A topology of eight generic categories of process is presented in the findings as part of a central category that links temporal, behavioural and situational factors to collaboration outcomes. The identification of social capital and human capital as intermediate forms of value, located in individual actors and their social relationships, is used to highlight the importance of recognising and developing these soft capital forms, if more tangible physical and financial capital is to be generated. Collectively the data emphasise that organisations do not collaborate, people do. Collaboration is fundamentally a social rather than business process. Three dimensions of collaborative compatibility are discussed that recognise the importance of involving competent individuals that are socially compatible if relationships between potentially compatible organisations are to thrive. Organisational compatibility alone will not lead to effective collaboration. This study makes four contributions to existing knowledge. A 3-dimensional model of collaborative compatibility, interpreted in the context of a new typology of collaboration processes, extends existing collaboration theory with insights into the way collaboration relationships form and perform, and the way they are affected by individual and social factors. The recognition of latency in intermediate forms of value makes a contribution to a recognised shortfall in understanding of the temporal dimension of the value literature. In the third, a contribution is made to literature on coopetition and the coordination of inter-firm groups, through the recognition of effective practices in 3rd party brokering organisations. Finally, an incremental contribution is made to the extensive body of knowledge and learning literature through insights into the social factors driving knowledge transfer in inter-organisational groups, and the implications these have for organisational knowledge absorption. These four avenues each have practical implications for how organisations and policy makers plan initiatives to increase economic activity through inter-firm collaboration.

This paper attempts to methodologically organize the abundant information spreading throughout the historical materials and references relevant to the Ming and the Qing dynasties, based on the principle of respecting the historical facts reflected from these materials. With information service as the main purpose, this research intends to provide users with multiple and flexible functions of operation. Meanwhile, abiding by the user-oriented premise as well as constructing a correlative analysis of information contents and system functions, this research tries to launch the practical establishment of three databases, including Database of the Ming-Qing Grand Secretariat, Ming-Qing Biographical Database, and Database of Ming-Qing Government Officials. Through the analysis and organization carried out by these databases, this paper will explore the contextual links between individuals and social relations (government officials) in the Ming and the Qing dynasties. This exploration may provide multi-contextual information service and reorient historians toward new issues and research fields pertaining to this historical period.

Í þessari grein er dregin upp mynd af félagslegum tengslum kennara í 20 íslenskum grunnskólum. Nýtt voru gögn sem safnað var í rannsóknarverkefninu Starfshættir í íslenskum grunnskólum frá kennurum og foreldrum í 20 grunnskólum auk gagna frá Menntamálastofnun um niðurstöður á samræmdum prófum. Búinn var til kvarði, sem metur félagsleg tengsl á grundvelli svara 440 kennara við tíu spurningum í umfangsmeiri spurningalista. Niðurstöður sýna að meirihluti kennara telur félagsleg tengsl í sínum skóla vera mikil. Ekki fannst samband milli félagslegra tengsla og árangurs á samræmdum prófum. Kennarar í heildstæðum grunnskólum, þar sem félagsleg tengsl voru mikil, lögðu frekar miserfið verkefni fyrir nemendur en kennarar í grunnskólum þar sem félagsleg tengsl voru minni, en ekki var algengara að þeir legðu fyrir verkefni eftir áhuga nemenda. Foreldrar barna í grunnskólum þar sem félagsleg tengsl voru mikil voru ánægðari með skólana en foreldrar í skólum þar sem þau voru að meðaltali minni.

Despite a raft of government initiatives, Vietnam's rapidly growing craft villages—rural hubs for small-scale industry—produce alarming levels of water pollution that seriously affects human health and the environment. Framing water quality as a commons dilemma creates the scope for appropriately designed, collaborative institutions that better address local conditions and the need for vertical and horizontal coordination. However, institutional and social theorists highlight that broader historical and social relationships can interact recursively with institutions and are not readily manipulated through institutional crafting. Our research in four craft villages of northern Vietnam finds that the challenge for managing water quality in craft villages is thus broader than institutional design, and requires an understanding of how regulations and policies emerge from and interact with broader societal processes.

This chapter picks up one topical aspect of the global scenario, namely home-based workers in Pakistan being engaged for the production of footballs for an international market in commission of global Western corporations with established brands. Based on extensive primary evidence, the research assesses work conditions of footballs stitchers and seeks to explain the systemic position of home-based workers at the lowest end of global football supply chains. The fundamental question that needs to be asked in the case of home-based workers is, in what ways are female homeworkers rendered invisible by the economic and political discourses? We conclude that in order to understand the positioning of female homeworkers in the global production system and international division of employment, we need to go beyond the existing order and have to consider the historical, political, geographical and social relationships that female homeworkers have with one another, and with the production processes and political geography of work.

Land reform policy in South Africa has been strongly criticised, especially its instrumentality. However, recent ethnographic studies indicate that it is a complex and deeply social process in which policy is understood differently by different actors. Rather than asking whether land reform works we should ask how it works. Using a case study of SLAG (Settlement Land Acquisition Grant) redistribution beneficiaries in a southern Cape village, this paper describes how these rural residents interpreted policy and used the resources put at their disposal by the state. These local actors' decisions and actions were based largely on their livelihood requirements and frequently determined by their historical experiences and social relationships. Although they behaved in ways that were not anticipated by officials, a number have gained tangible benefits. Beneficiary ‘success stories’ have given credence to the land reform policy, and state officials have responded by continuing to provide support to the project that was the subject of this study.

The missing mass of morality: A new fitpack design for hepatitis C prevention in sexual partnerships

EthosVolume 1, Issue 4 p. 531-545 Free Access The Between and Within of Cross-Cultural Research RichardA. Shweder, RichardA. Shweder RichardA. Shweder is Assistant Professor of Human Development in the Committee on Human Development at the University of Chicago. He received his B.A. in anthropology from the University of Pittsburgh in 1966 and his Ph.D. in the Department of Social Relations from Harvard University in 1972. He has been a research fellow in the Department of Psychology and Social Relations at Harvard University, a fellow of the Child Development Research Unit at the University of Nairobi, and a lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Nairobi. He has carried out field work in Mexico, India, and Africa.Search for more papers by this author RichardA. Shweder, RichardA. Shweder RichardA. Shweder is Assistant Professor of Human Development in the Committee on Human Development at the University of Chicago. He received his B.A. in anthropology from the University of Pittsburgh in 1966 and his Ph.D. in the Department of Social Relations from Harvard University in 1972. He has been a research fellow in the Department of Psychology and Social Relations at Harvard University, a fellow of the Child Development Research Unit at the University of Nairobi, and a lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Nairobi. He has carried out field work in Mexico, India, and Africa.Search for more papers by this author First published: Winter 1973 https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1973.1.4.02a00150Citations: 40 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Bales, R. F. 1968. Interaction Process Analysis. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 7: 465– 471. Bales, R. F., and A. P. Hare. 1965. Diagnostic Use of the Interaction Profile. Journal of Social Psychology 67: 239– 258. Billig, Otto, John Gillin, and William Davidson. 19471948. Aspects of Personality and Culture in a Guatemalan Community: Ethnological and Rorschach Approaches. Journal of Personality 16: 153– 187, 326–368. Blalock, H. M. 1964. Causal Inferences in Nonexperimental Research. University of North Carolina Press. D'andrade, Roy G. 1970. Cognitive Structures and Judgment. Paper prepared for C.O.B.R.E. research workshop on Cognitive Organization and Psychological Processes. Huntington Beach, Calif. Gladwin, Thomas, and Seymour B. Sarason. 1953. Truk: Man in Paradise. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc. Hills, John R. 1957. Within-Groups Correlations and their Correction for Attenuation. Psychological Bulletin 34: 131– 133. Kaplan, Bert. 1954. A Study of Rorschach Responses in Four Cultures. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 42, no. 2. Harvard University. Kendall, P. L., and P. F. Lazarsfeld. 1955. The Relation Between Individual and Group Characteristics in “The American Soldier,” The Language of Social Research ( P. F. Lazarsfeld and M. Rosenberg, eds.), pp. 290– 296. The Free Press. Longabaugh, Richard. 1966. An Analysis of the Cross-Cultural Study of Children's Social Behavior. The Structure of Interpersonal Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Final Report: Research Project No. s-106, Cornell University. Mann, R. D. 1959. The Relation Between Personality Characteristics and Individual Performance in Small Groups. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. Minturn, Leigh, and William W. Lambert. 1964. Mothers of Six Cultures: Antecedents of Child Rearing. John Wiley and Sons. Sears, Robert. 1961. Transcultural Variables and Conceptual Equivalence, Studying Personality Cross-Culturally ( Bert Kaplan, ed.), pp. 445– 456. Harper and Row. Shweder, Richard A. 1971. Is a Culture a Situation?, honorable mention paper 1971 Stirling Award in Culture and Personality Studies sponsored by the American Anthropological Association. Spindler, George D. 1955. Sociocultural and Psychological Processes in Menomeni Acculturation, University of California Press. Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1952. The Modal Personality Structure of the Tuscarora Indians. Smithsonian Institution of American Ethnology, bulletin 150. Beatrice B. Whiting, ed. 1963. Six Cultures: Studies of Child Rearing. John Wiley and Sons. Whiting, Beatrice B., and John W. M. Whiting. 1971. Task Assignment and Personality: A Consideration of the Effect of Herding on Boys, Comparative Perspectives on Social Psychology ( William W. Lambert and Rita Weisbrod, eds.), pp. 33– 45. Little, Brown and Company. Whiting, John W. M., and Beatrice B. Whiting. 1972. Children of Six Cultures: A Psycho-Cultural Analysis. Manuscript. 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LONGITUDINAL RELATIONS BETWEEN EMOTIONAL AWARENESS AND AGGRESSION IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF EMOTION DYSREGULATION By Benjamin V. Rosen, M.S. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2016 Major Director: Terri Sullivan, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology Department of Psychology High prevalence rates exist for physical (i.e., threatened or actual physical force) and relational (i.e., actions meant to harm another’s social relationships) aggression within early adolescence, and these behaviors lead to detrimental social, physical, and mental health outcomes. Thus, there is a need to identify risk and protective processes related to these subtypes of aggression, especially those that can inform violence prevention efforts. Prior studies including early adolescents have shown emotion dysregulation to be a risk factor for aggression. However, few studies have incorporated the emotional competence process of poor emotional awareness, which may be a risk factor for emotion dysregulation and, in turn, for aggression. Furthermore, little research has assessed relations between subtypes of emotion dysregulation (i.e., anger and sadness) and physical and relational aggression. The current study examined longitudinal relations between poor emotional awareness and these subtypes of emotion dysregulation and aggression, as well as concurrent pathways between the emotion dysregulation and aggression variables. Exploratory tests for gender differences were also conducted. Rating scales were collected from 528 sixth graders (51% girls, 49% boys; missing data n = 8) and their teachers over a six month period in the fall and spring of the school year. Across the full sample, 65% of students identified as African-American, 19% European-American, 2%, Hispanic Latino, 11% Multiracial, and 3% as “Other”(missing data n = 8). Results indicated no significant differences by gender in the strength of relations between study variables. Poor emotional awareness was not directly related to changes in subsequent frequency of physical or relational aggression. However, poor emotional awareness at Time 1 was associated with later rates of anger and sadness dysregulation. Furthermore, an indirect effect was found for poor emotional awareness on both physical and relational aggression via anger dysregulation, and this was true for studentand teacher-rated outcomes. Sadness dysregulation showed a negative concurrent association with teacher-rated physical aggression; and there was an indirect effect of poor emotional awareness on teacher-rated physical aggression via sadness dysregulation. Study findings have important implications for theoretical treatises, youth violence prevention programs, and future directions for research, which are all discussed.

This article begins with a reinterpretation of two basic concepts (Gemeinten Sinn and Verstehen) in Weber’s theory of social relations. It defines international immigration as a social labor relation, characterized by an asymmetry of power between the principal actors, namely, migrant workers and their employers. It refers to Ernesto Galarza’s book entitled Merchants of Labor: The Mexican Bracero Story . It proposes the use of a participant observation method in which the author poses as an undocumented/unauthorized Mexican immigrant, that is, as a subject in his own research. This research design corresponds to a qualitative approach not aimed at an empirical “test of hypotheses” but instead focused on a “deep understanding”—or what Max Weber understood by his methodological concept of Verstehen —of social phenomena. A reference to an encounter with a fellow inmate in a detention center led to an empirical foundation for the concept of vulnerability used in further explaining and measuring migrations.

Research as Social Relations: Implications for Teaching Research Methods

Background: The elderly are considered as one of the vulnerable groups as they are subjected to the risk of decrease of participation in different domains of their life due to losing their jobs, a drop in salary and the increase of health-related problems. The current research was aimed to seek the elderly social exclusion domains in various countries around the world. Methods: This systematic review analyzed the published studies from 1999 to 2013. The articles were searched using the keywords of social exclusion along with old people, aging, elderly both in Persian and English in Google search engine and the Iranian and international databases. From among 77 studies obtained, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria for this research. Results: the findings indicated that the majority of studies (9) were conducted in Britain and the most common logical model was distributional and relational approach. Indicators were categorized in 5 domains: economic, social, health, environmental and neighborhood, and discrimination and elderly-oriented. In 50 percent of studies, access or lack of access to services, civil participations and social relations, in 12.5 percent of studies, access to proper health and in 18.7 percent of studies, living in secure environment and neighborhood were the indicators which attracted the most attention in evaluating the elderly social exclusion. Conclusion: Generally, choosing a logical and proper model to design and evaluate social exclusion contributed to decreasing the problems of social exclusion evaluation. Using the data gathered in family panels can also facilitate access to the data related to periodical evaluation of social exclusion.

This paper puts forward an assessment of approaches to social stratification in transitional societies of Central-Eastern Europe in which job attributes and type of employment contracts are linked to social polarization and class-related behaviours. The argument is that these approaches are bound to bring about black box explanations of the microfoundations of social change insofar as they provide an incomplete account of the action systems which unfolds in the social and organizational environments of work. The first section provides examples of what is left out in the construction of research objects which might help opening the black box: work, contract and labour within the transnational social spaces of multinational companies, on the one hand, work and social relations outside the spaces of the official economy and the national system of industrial relations, on the other. The second section addresses some of the motives why the black box is only partially opened and the micro-macro gap incompletely filled: the fact that quantitative data do not speak for themselves, the relative weight of the socialist legacies in different social and organizational environments, and the risk of uncritically transferring analytical approaches from one society to another.

Conventional definitions of viability, which focus on monetary elements and productive work, are not enough to fully explain how agroecological farm's function and are able to reproduce and sustain themselves in a socioeconomic context that is adverse for small and diverse projects. Feminist economics allows us to widen the definition of viability, by integrating reproductive work and non-commodified resources and tasks into the definition of labor and economic systems. Furthermore, taking an ecofeminist perspective, akin in many ways to agroecology, entails that in a holistic definition of viability, the measure is not the accumulation of profit, but the reproduction and sustenance of a dignified life. With this as a starting point, the “Socioeconomic viability of small-scale agroecological production: diagnosis and tools from the feminist economics framework (FEM-VIDA) projects aims to develop a holistic understanding of the viability of agroecological farms that accounts for their reproduction even when their financial statement would deem them unviable. The goal of the project is to create a system of indicators to self-evaluate agroecological viability. This indicators’ tool should adapt to the changing and evolving reality of farm projects. To respond to this objective, we got in touch with four small agroecological farms in three distinct regions in Spain: Galiza, País Valencià and Catalunya. As criteria for the selection of the cases we used the following: farms that are self-defined as agroecological, farms led by women or with a strong presence of women in the farm and that they show an interest in the objectives and topics addressed in the research project (interest in engaging in the self-assessment of their farm’s viability, “good-life” in the center...). Within the category of small agroecological projects, we looked for a diversity of farms, both in terms of production, including livestock farms and horticulture farms among other, and in terms of the social organization of the farm, including families, cooperatives and individual farms. The goal of data gathering was not to compare farm typologies, but to build a diverse and comprehensive data set. After building a connection with the farmers, fieldwork consisted of an initial interview at each farm, to characterize the study cases, and two weeks of participant observation in different seasons, to observe all the tasks, social relations and nuances of their daily life. As a novel approach, we focused on gathering data on time uses, organization of tasks and satisfaction of the different members of the twelve farms participating in the project to examine and assess viability and as the starting point of the indicator system. We analyzed how each farm member allots their time throughout the day and week, putting special focus on issues such as workload, overburden or simultaneity. In terms of tasks, following an ecofeminist approach, we considered the productive and marketing aspects of the project as well as management, personal, environmental and family activities. This comprehensive approach is well suited for agroecological farms, particularly those that are family projects, in which the indivisibility between the farm, as an economic project, the social group that manages it and the agroecosystem becomes apparent. To properly grasp and assess agroecological viability, we need to move beyond the distinction between reproductive and productive work; even though, one the novelties of FEM-Vida's approach is the incorporation of care work and aspects such as wellbeing and satisfaction, as elements often overlooked and under-explained in more conventional examinations of farm viability. Thus, tasks observed are classified in eleven categories: formal and informal networking activities, agricultural work, income diversification, commercialization, manufacturing, knowledge exchange and acquisition, project management tasks, self-care, care of the home and project, care of others and basic needs. This allows for the analysis of task distribution and roles among farm members and its organization, highlighting issues such as flexibility or support networks. These elements are further explored by contextualizing them within farmers’ priorities, worldview and perceived enjoyment. The entire methodological process, including fieldwork, data collection and the subsequent analysis, has been developed by a transdisciplinary work team. This research team includes not only researchers from different disciplines, but the farmers themselves, as well as members from organizations and social movements linked to agroecology and social and solidarity economy. This allows the project to have a strong and comprehensive approach to the data collected and the issues at hand, but more importantly, it means that the farmers at the center of the project are not only research objects, but subjects that accompany the research project from start to finish. Basing the project in an interdisciplinary team of farmers, researchers and activists leads to making the research project and process a participatory one. Within the Fem-Vida calendar, several workshops are scheduled to encourage dialogue between agroecology and the social and solidarity economy to contribute to the development of a shared indicator tool, that builds on already existing work. The first workshop, already held, served to share the first results of the research and contrast the viability factors that we have already begun to extract through the data collected. The FEM-Vida team has recently finished the fieldwork and data gathering period and we have started with data analysis, using a combination of descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis and participatory tools, in which both farmers and researchers are engaged. As part of the participatory approach, the last step of fieldwork was to share with the farmers of the project the data gathered in terms of time uses, so they could validate it and start reflecting on it towards the creation of an indicators’ system. These first steps in the analysis also allowed for the identification of a set of viability factors, elements both internal and external, that have an impact on the viability of agroecological farms. Moving forward and in continuous dialogue with the twelve in the project, FEM-Vida is going to focus on identifying the dimensions that need to be included when examining viability from an ecofeminist and agroecological perspective and on designing an assessment tool that accounts for the needs and circumstances of agroecological farms, understanding them as complex socio-ecological systems in which reproductive (both human and ecological) and productive spheres are indivisible.