What is automatized during perceptual categorization?

BackgroundThird-party electronic health record (EHR) apps allow health care organizations to extend the capabilities and features of their EHR system. Given the widespread utilization of EHRs and the emergence of third-party apps in EHR marketplaces, it has become necessary to conduct a systematic review and analysis of apps in EHR app marketplaces.ObjectiveThe goal of this review is to organize, categorize, and characterize the availability of third-party apps in EHR marketplaces.MethodsTwo informaticists (authors JR and BW) used grounded theory principles to review and categorize EHR apps listed in top EHR vendors’ public-facing marketplaces.ResultsWe categorized a total of 471 EHR apps into a taxonomy consisting of 3 primary categories, 15 secondary categories, and 55 tertiary categories. The three primary categories were administrative (n=203, 43.1%), provider support (n=159, 33.8%), and patient care (n=109, 23.1%). Within administrative apps, we split the apps into four secondary categories: front office (n=77, 37.9%), financial (n=53, 26.1%), office administration (n=49, 24.1%), and office device integration (n=17, 8.4%). Within the provider support primary classification, we split the apps into eight secondary categories: documentation (n=34, 21.3%), records management (n=27, 17.0%), care coordination (n=23, 14.4%), population health (n=18, 11.3%), EHR efficiency (n=16, 10.1%), ordering and prescribing (n=15, 9.4%), medical device integration (n=13, 8.2%), and specialty EHR (n=12, 7.5%). Within the patient care primary classification, we split the apps into three secondary categories: patient engagement (n=50, 45.9%), clinical decision support (n=40, 36.7%), and remote care (n=18, 16.5%). Total app counts varied substantially across EHR vendors. Overall, the distribution of apps across primary categories were relatively similar, with a few exceptions.ConclusionsWe characterized and organized a diverse and rich set of third-party EHR apps. This work provides an important reference for developers, researchers, and EHR customers to more easily search, review, and compare apps in EHR app marketplaces.

Rule-based and information-integration perceptual category learning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Event-Related Potentials with the Stroop colour-word task: Timing of semantic conflict

In the standard Proportion-Congruent (PC) paradigm, performance is compared between a list containing mostly congruent (MC) stimuli (e.g., the word RED in the color red in the Stroop task; Stroop, 1935) and a list containing mostly incongruent (MI) stimuli (e.g., the word BLUE in red). The PC effect, the finding that the congruency effect (i.e., the latency difference between incongruent and congruent stimuli) is typically larger in an MC list, has been interpreted by the popular conflict-monitoring account (Botvinick et al., 2001) as reflecting a proactive process whereby attention to task-relevant information is adapted based on how frequently conflict from task-irrelevant information arises. Recently, however, alternative accounts of the PC effect have emerged that assume either that the PC effect reflects processes other than proactive conflict adaptation (e.g., stimulus-response contingency learning) or that proactive conflict adaptation is only engaged as a last resort (e.g., when contingency learning cannot be used to minimize interference). We examined these ideas in three experiments in which proactive conflict adaptation could be evaluated independently from processes that are normally confounded with it in the PC paradigm, while still allowing those processes, particularly contingency learning, to be used to minimize interference. Consistent with the conflict-monitoring account of the PC effect, but inconsistent with all the alternative accounts of the PC effect, evidence for proactive conflict adaptation emerged in all experiments. Although multiple processes may be engaged in the PC paradigm, this paradigm remains a valid tool for examining proactive conflict adaptation, its typical use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

This argues against the common grouping of names with nouns, and presents previous alternative views. Names have been characterized as one of the three types of definite referring phrases: names, personal pronouns, definite determiner phrases. A revised characterization in notional dependency grammar groups names with pronouns and determiners as determinatives. But names differ from other determinatives by being inherently nondefinite: they do not always refer (cf. vocative and nominations). This grouping has the major drawback (addressed in Chapter 4) that, while determiners govern nouns, the remaining names and pronouns do not govern. The argument distinguishes lexical (or typically ‘contentful’) and functional primary categories. Secondary categories reflect the prototypical notional character of a primary category. They have a role in allowing referentiality to names. They can play a part in conversion of lexical items from one primary category to another.

The swift advancement of cloud computing and virtualization technologies has reshaped the IT infrastructure domain, rendering virtual machine (VM) allocation a pivotal fac- tor in achieving both optimal performance and cost-effectiveness. This paper presents an in-depth examination of current VM allocation methodologies, classifying them into three primary categories: static allocation, dynamic allocation, and heuristic- based approaches. We investigate the foundational principles of each strategy, analyzing their operational frameworks, benefits, and drawbacks across varying workload scenarios. Static allocation, although simple, frequently results in re- source under utilization due to its lack of adaptability to changing demands. In contrast, dynamic allocation techniques, which mod- ify resources based on real-time consumption, provide greater flexibility but introduce challenges related to overhead and latency. Heuristicbased approaches, which utilize optimization algorithms, can effectively manage resource distribution but may necessitate considerable computational resources and time for execution.To assess the effectiveness of these strategies, we adopt a simulation-based approach that replicates actual cloud environments. Our experiments concentrate on critical performance metrics, such as response time, throughput, resource utilization, and energy consumption. The results highlight notable performance variations among the different strategies, emphasizing the necessity for a more adaptive and intelligent method for VM allocation. In light of these challenges, we introduce an innovative VM allocation policy that integrates machine learning techniques to forecast workload patterns based on historical data. By utilizing predictive analytics, our policy dynamically allocates resources, ensuring that VMs receive the optimal amount of resources in real-time, thereby reducing latency and enhancing throughput. Our findings indicate that this advanced policy significantly sur- passes traditional allocation methods, achieving superior resource utilization, lower operational costs, and enhanced overall system efficiency. The implications of this research extend beyond theoretical exploration, offering practical insights for cloud service providers and organizations aiming to refine their VM allocation strategies. By adopting adaptive allocation techniques, stakeholders can more effectively respond to the demands of contemporary cloud workloads, ultimately fostering improved performance and user satisfaction.

Background and Aims Complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy (C-TMA) is a life- and organ-threatening disease characterized by endothelial injury and microvascular thrombosis due to complement overactivation. Genetic susceptibility is often triggered and exacerbated by predisposing factors. The concept C-TMA, rather than the traditional classification into primary and secondary TMA, is gaining increasing attention. In line with this perspective, we present our single-center experience with complement-mediated TMA over a two-year period. Method All adult patients diagnosed with C-TMA at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb between March 2022 and August 2024 were included in this study. Data are presented as median (M) and quartiles (25th–75th percentiles) or as numbers and percentages unless otherwise stated. Results Eleven patients (7 female, 63.5%) with a median age of 34 years (range: 21–50) presented with new-onset hypertension (M 170/90 mmHg). Gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in 4 patients (36.4%), while 2 patients (18.2%) exhibited neurological symptoms. All patients had some degree of acute kidney injury (creatinine 193 µmol/L [135–335]; eGFR 31 ml/min/1.73m² [16–43]); 2 patients (18.2%) were anuric, and 4 patients (36.4%) required renal replacement therapy (RRT). Active urine sediment was present, with 7 patients (63.6%) exhibiting erythrocyturia and 10 patients (90.9%) presenting with proteinuria in the absence of urinary infection. Additionally, 4 patients (36.4%) developed respiratory failure and required mechanical ventilation. Extensive microbiological testing was negative in all cases except for one patient with concomitant COVID-19 infection. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) was excluded (ADAMTS13 = 0.44 [0.30–0.75]). Identified triggering conditions for complement overactivation and C-TMA included pregnancy (n = 3; 27.3%), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT, n = 3; 27.3%), viral infection (n = 2; 18.2%), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n = 1; 9.1%), and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH, n = 1; 9.1%). Elevated C5b-9 levels were found in 10 patients (90.9%) (M 653 ng/ml [276–815]). Three patients (27.3%) had low complement factor H (CFH) levels, 2 patients (18.2%) had low complement factor I (CFI) levels, and 1 patient (9.1%) had elevated complement factor B (CFB) levels. Kidney biopsies were performed in 4 patients, all of whom showed evidence of TMA in kidney tissue. Seven patients (63.6%) initially received plasmapheresis, followed by eculizumab therapy. The median duration of anti-complement therapy was 3 months (range: 2–5). Genetic analysis revealed pathogenic mutations in MCP in 2 patients (18.2%) and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in 3 patients (27.3%). Genetic analysis was not performed in 3 patients who had undergone HSCT. During follow-up, 2 patients (both with uncontrolled hematological disease) died. The remaining 9 patients experienced resolution of TMA and improvement in kidney function (creatinine 113 µmol/L [74–206]; eGFR 56 ml/min/1.73m² [30–111]). Two patients continued anti-complement therapy, while the others were weaned off treatment and are being regularly monitored for signs of TMA recurrence and organ involvement. Conclusion Early recognition, complement dysregulation analysis, and timely complement blockade with anti-C5 therapy result in favorable outcomes in patients with C-TMA, regardless of the trigger or initial clinical presentation. Therefore, instead of differentiating TMA syndromes into primary and secondary categories, classification based on complement activation status appears to be a more pragmatic and beneficial approach.

The corpus we have been using in this book consists of PhD dissertations done in the constructive vein. It has been divided into primary and secondary categories. The reason lies in the history of the book. It started from a series of papers by the first author. For those papers, his primary corpus was mostly Scandinavian, but he had added a few cases from other countries that had shaped work.

ABSTRACTLithium batteries constitute a pivotal component in electric vehicles (EVs) owing to their rechargeability and high‐power output capabilities. Despite their advantageous features, these batteries encounter longevity challenges, posing disposal complications and an insufficient sustainable supply chain ecosystem to address the growing demand for lithium batteries. One potential solution to address this issue is the implementation of a circular economy model. This study aims to identify and assess the key barriers to optimizing a sustainable supply chain in the lithium‐ion battery circular economy using an integrated Gray Multi‐Criteria Decision Making approach within the automotive sector. The novelty of this research lies in its application of Gray Possibility Comparison and Gray Possibility of degree to address these uncertainties. By integrating Gray DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) and Gray ANP (Analytic Network Process) methods, this study offers a more flexible and adaptive framework for identifying and analyzing the interrelationships among barriers. The research process involves validating the identified barriers through the Gray Delphi method, followed by the application of Gray DEMATEL to establish the cause‐effect relationships among the barriers. Finally, Gray ANP is used to assign weights and prioritize the barriers into primary and secondary categories. The results indicate that the barrier “Lack of supportive policies and standards” holds the highest importance and influence, with a weight of 0.101225.

This study proposes a use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the performance of energy industries. The DEA is a nonparametric approach that does not assume any functional form for performance assessment. The purpose of this study is to discuss how DEA can examine the current energy industries and their trends in the world. The energy is separated into primary and secondary categories. The primary energy is classified into fossil and non-fossil fuels. The fossil fuels include oil, natural gas and coal, while the non-fossil ones include nuclear and renewable energies (e.g., solar, wind, biomass, water and others). Energy consumption is essential for developing economic prosperity in all nations. However, a use of various energy resources usually produces many different types of pollutions (e.g., air, soil and water pollutions), leading to a huge damage on our society and human health. Thus, it is important for us to understand a general trend of world energy when we consider various environmental issues. This study discusses electricity as a representative of secondary energy. It is not easy to maintain a high level of social balance, so-called sustainability between economic development and environmental protection. As the initial step for sustainability development, this study summarizes a general trend of energy whose consumption has been increasing along with an economic development and a population increase in the world. Along with discussing the trend of world energy, this study describes why DEA is useful as one of the methodologies to assess a social balance between economic success and environmental protection by identifying a level of efficiency, later referred to as “unified (operational and environmental) efficiency.” Thus, this study conveys the research necessity of DEA environmental assessment on energy and sustainability from a perspective of supply and demand on energy resources in the world.

Focusing on system-level design and verification techniques, this text allows readers to immediately grasp concepts and put them into practice. It starts with an overview of reconfigurable computing architectures and platforms and demonstrates how to develop reconfigurable systems. This sets up the discussion of the hardware, software, and system techniques that form the core of the text. The authors classify design and verification techniques into primary and secondary categories, allowing the appropriate ones to be easily located and compared. The techniques discussed range from system modeling and system-level design to co-simulation and formal verification. Case studies illustrate real-world applications. Multi Copy

Headache is one of the most common complaints in a primary care provider’s office; the word is used to describe a variety of sensations, ranging from the deep throbbing pain of a migraine to the band-like pressure of a tension-type headache to the ache of trigeminal nerve irritation. Any pain on or around the head is often referred to by patients as “headache,” and sorting out the etiology is a challenging prospect. In addition, there are gender differences with respect to headache, and consideration of the ecology of the patient is key. Headaches are divided into primary and secondary categories, with secondary headaches resulting from an external source, such as a tumor, infection, or vascular lesion, for example. The primary headaches are those for which there is no contributing factor.

The proportion congruency effect has been reported in interference tasks. The mostly congruent block is the frequent condition, and the mostly incongruent block is the rare condition for congruent stimuli, whereas the mostly congruent block is the rare condition, and the mostly incongruent block is the frequent condition for incongruent stimuli. This study examined the cognitive mechanism underlying the proportion congruency effect in the two-choice Stroop task using event-related potential components related to deviant processing. Stimuli were Kanji characters meaning 'red' and 'blue' painted by congruent and incongruent colors. Participants were required to provide a two-choice button-press response corresponding to the colors. The congruent and incongruent stimuli were presented on rare (20%) and frequent (80%) conditions. N1 was enhanced in the rare condition relative to the frequent condition for both congruent and incongruent stimuli. The results suggested that colors and characters were not processed independently in the N1 time range, which made selective attention to the relevant feature difficult. Posterior negativity from 200 to 250 ms was also different between rare and frequent conditions, indicating the presence of visual mismatch negativity for congruent and incongruent stimuli. It was considered that the distinction between congruent and incongruent stimuli was evident in mostly incongruent blocks, indicating that the selective attention mechanism was not actively engaged. The proportion congruency effect was explained by contingency learning rather than selective attention in the present task. The cognitive mechanisms underlying the proportion congruency effect are reflected by deviant event-related potential components.

When learning new categories, do children benefit from the same types of training as adults? We compared the effects of feedback-based training with observational training in young adults (ages 18-25) and early school aged children (ages 6-7) across two different multimodal category learning tasks: conjunctive rule based and information integration. We used multimodal stimuli that varied across a visual feature (rotation speed of the "planet" stimulus) and an auditory feature (pitch frequency of a pure tone stimulus). We found an interaction between age and training type for the rule-based category task, such that adults performed better in feedback training than in observational training, whereas training type had no significant effect on children's category learning performance. Overall adults performed better than children in learning both the rule based and information integration category structures. In information integration category learning, feedback versus observational training did not have a significant effect on either adults' or children's category learning. Computational modelling revealed that children defaulted to univariate rules in both tasks. The finding that children do not benefit from feedback training and can learn successfully via observational learning has implications for the design of educational interventions appropriate for children.

<p indent=0mm>In the everyday life, internal goals guide us to focus on task-relevant information but inhibit task-irrelevant information that however could not be completely filtered out. Here, cognitive control is required to drive the attention in accordance with internal goals. As an important phenomenon in the field of cognitive control, conflict adaptation refers to the adaptability of cognitive control in goal-guided behaviors, which is of great significance for individuals to adapt to ever-changing environments. In the lab, conflict adaptation is indexed by a reduced conflict after conflict trials (i.e., Trial <italic>n</italic>–1 is incongruent stimulus) compared with after non-conflict trials (i.e., Trial <italic>n</italic>–1 is congruent stimulus). In order to explain this important effect, researchers have proposed a number of accounts, which could be classified into two kinds of perspectives: Attention-based control accounts and memory-based learning accounts. The former includes the well-known conflict monitoring theory, the activation-suppression theory, the negative affective theory, and the expectancy theory. Whereas, the feature-integration theory, the contingency learning hypothesis, and the temporal learning hypothesis belong to the latter. In short, the control accounts emphasize that attentional resources adjustment leads to conflict adaptation through allocating more resources to the target dimension while allocating fewer resources to the distractor dimension. On the other hand, the learning accounts propose that the binding and unbinding of memories between stimulus and responses result in conflict adaptation. Due to their different research focuses, however, the previous studies have discussed the two accounts separately, which is not conducive to the investigation and understanding of the full profiles of conflict adaptation. From our perspective, conflict adaptation in essence is a goal-directed adjustment process. Meanwhile, it is also a phenomenon of learning. Accordingly, in the present comprehensive review, we proposed a hypothesis of the binding guided by attention, which combines the control accounts and the learning accounts. Specifically, conflict adaptation does not only need to guide the allocation of attention resources through task demand, but also needs to enhance the memory representation of “stimulus-response” mapping through binding learning. The integration of the two processes should ultimately promote the occurrence of conflict adaptation. In fact, our hypothesis explains conflict adaptation by combining the Biased Competition model with the Parallel Distributed Processing model. Firstly, the Biased Competition model posits that top-down selective attention enhances neuronal activities that respond to target features and inhibits response-selective neuronal activities of distractor features. Thus, the competition between neurons is biased towards target characteristics. Secondly, the Parallel Distributed Processing model postulates that different stimulus dimensions (e.g., colors and spatial locations) are processed in parallel in different channels that however can activate the same response system, and selective attention can change the processing priority of different stimulus dimensions. To conclude, by integrating the control accounts and the learning accounts, the current hypothesis provides a comprehensive and interpretable mechanism to address conflict adaptation. To be more specific, this hypothesis proposes that conflict adaptation is ultimately generated through binding learning (i.e., the Hebbian learning) with the Parallel Distributed Processing model as the underlying mechanism. More importantly, the binding learning must be guided by the top-down attention-based control mechanism, which is achieved through the Biased Competition model. In summary, the attention-guided binding learning hypothesis provides an integrated reference frame for an in-depth understanding of the internal mechanism of conflict adaptation.