Will incentives help the bottom line?

Warning: Corporations May Be Hazardous To Your Health

The chapter offers a history of the thinking behind the author's two books, The Decay of International Law (2019) and The Philosophy of International Law (2017). The Decay argues, as the title suggests, for the pseudo-professionalization of the ideas of Emir de Vattel, - an 18th-century writer who imagined a world society, where nations in a state of nature could respect one another's freedom - into a supposedly actually existing international legal order, which accorded legal personality to states (not nations) and guaranteed their existence through treaties and customs which were an expression of an actual consensus of the formal will of states - hence the idea of legal formalism. This supposed professionalization was an academic 'bookish' exercise rooted in any superficial vision of international society. Consequently, young scholars of international law are now damned to search for the formal will of the international community through customs and treaties as the expressions of the will of the states, acting together for this community - all of which are mere fabrications of the dry academic minds of university professors, who, from the late 19th century, fossilized a vibrant law of nature tradition of international law into an effective, positive global system of rules. In fact, the states, so-called international legal persons, are the nations existing, as Vattel noted, in a state of nature, condemned to find a way to accommodate one another, without a protective shield of a formal legal order. Each nation does have its own sense of 'right', its 'bottom line' which shapes its conduct towards others. The true task of the international lawyer is to engage in an anthropological style hermeneutic of these differing national experiences of 'right' and to imaginatively bring them together to ensure a peaceful world society - the original philosophical ambition of Vattel.

I have read various attacks on the propositional logic of the Tractatus. The best I can say of Lloyd Reinhardt's attack (2005) is that it seems to be the least silly. What Reinhardt ignores is that the 'bottom line' of a Tractatus truth-table is not a unique set of propositions all labelled F. Suppose that all possible truth-functional compounds are truth-functions of the members of some set K of propositions. Then if we replace one or all of the members of K by relevant negations, necessarily it will remain true that all the truth-functional complexes thus constructed are truth functions of the new set K'. See Tractatus 4.52, 5.3. Reinhardt may object that some members of K' will be negative and thus not elementary. But no proposition may be characterized by the presence in it of a sign of negation: see Tractatus 5.44. In other words no proposition is inherently negative: see Tractatus 4.0621. And Wittgenstein often says that p and ?p are the very same proposition. Frege made these points in Die Verneinung. So more recently did Miss Anscombe in her Introduction.

Analysis of public accountability tends to concentrate on public sector institutions. However, increasing use of the private sector in the provision of public services suggests the need to compare accountability in the two sectors. While private sector (for‐profit) companies are more accountable in terms of their 'bottom line', accountability requirements in the public sector are generally more stringent, particularly with regard to process and general policy.

414 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 67, NUMBER 2 (1991) Brixhe & Lejeune's 1984 Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes. Since Phrygian is both closely related to Greek and preserved in part through Greek testimony, N has chosen to present his account as a history of PhrygianGreek linguistic contact. This procedure may explain his vagueness in discussing shared features of the two languages: although he calls them 'common innovations' (10), he seems elsewhere to regard them as the result of borrowing during a hypothesized period of close contact among Greek, Phrygian, and several other IE languages in the south Balkans (5-6). Some of these shared features are quite striking—e.g. factitives in *-oyô like Gk. orthöö 'straighten'. Phr. kakoioi (11, 13), and laryngeal vocalization followed by umlaut in Gk. ónoma, Phr. onoman = [b] not [bh], this development is trivial and proves only that Phrygian did not share the Greek change to [ph] etc.). Pp. 6-10: Common retentions of Greek and Phrygian (e.g. the augment and the thirdperson present middle ending -toi). Pp. 10-13: Common innovations of Greek and Phrygian (e.g. agent nouns in -tä, Gk. autos 'self = Phr. autos 'particular'). Pp. 13-16: Inherited lexical material of Phrygian which is lost or only marginally preserved in Greek. Pp. 16-18: Sometime after the hypothesized period of south Balkan close contact with Greek, the Phrygians migrated to Anatolia, where they are attested in historical times. Contact with speakers ofAnatolian languages led to borrowings into Phrygian (mainly names, e.g. Midas). Pp. 18-19: Greek expansion in the first millennium led to contact and hence Greek loans into Phrygian. Pp. 19-22: Direct attestation of Phrygian lost from the third century B.C.E. through the first century CE. Pp. 22-23: Neo-Phrygian attested in grave inscriptions, still in part uninterpretable . Although Phrygian is unlikely ever to play a significant role in IE historical linguistics, it does, as N remarks in conclusion (23), repay time spent applying to it our knowledge of IE. N's essay is a valuable contribution to the project of understanding Phrygian. [Andrew Garrett, University of Texas, Austin.] Natural language processing technologies in Artificial Intelligence: The science and industry perspective. By Klaus K. Obermeier. Chichester : Ellis Horwood, 1989. Pp. 263. Natural language processing (NLP) is the area of research concerned with the many aspects of 'natural' language communication with computers . In this book Obermeier provides an introduction to NLP from both commercial and academic perspectives, primarily aimed at businessmen and data-processing professionals. His presentation is nontechnical, though very comprehensive . Linguists will find the book an accessible introduction to the practical issues in NLP, which may help to clarify the direction and emphasis in this area of language research. The book's organization is excellent, making it very easy to read, although the typographic and editorial quality are not the best. The twelve chapters are divided into three sections: 'NLP in perspective' (17-92). which provides an introduction to the structure of NLP systems and the approaches and formalisms used to implement them; 'Applications' (93-185), in which six major applications of NLP are described: and 'Bottom line' (187-232), where O presents his own evaluation of the state of NLP research and current systems. A good list of references (239-59) is also included. Much of the material in the first section will be familiar to linguists, since the design of NLP systems is largely based on formal linguistic analyses in the areas ofphonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. In addition, methods for knowledge representation and reasoning drawn from Artificial Intelligence are explained in relation to their relevance to NLP development. This nontechnical overview of the techniques used in NLP is up-to-date. It includes a discussion of parsing methods ranging from contextfree parsing, unification-based parsing, and ATNs to such knowledge-representation schemes from AI as production rules, semantic networks, and frames, to the new connectionist models. BOOK NOTICES 415 The second section comprises the largest part of the book, with one chapter devoted to each of the applications addressed: natural-language interfaces, machine translation, text processing/ understanding, text generation, speech processing , and writing aids. For each application there is a brief...

After science: Has the tradition been broken?

A top line decreased the visibility of a simultaneous, identical, distant bottom line. This context-produced decrease in visibility (DV) occurred when the bottom line was masked by flanking lines and hence was less visible than the top line. It continued when the top line was three times as far from the bottom line. It disappeared without the mask. There was a hint of an opposing context-produced increase in visibility (IV) when the lines were close together. The DV is not accounted for by numerous extant phenomena and theories. It means that the top line decreased the similarity in visibility between it and the bottom line, a contrast effect for visibility, rather than for a typical attribute. Contrast does not occur between two attributes that are perceptually equal. Therefore, the reason why two distant equally visible objects fail to result in a DV may be that their equal visibility precludes the occurrence of contrast. This DV-as-contrast theory is consistent with evidence that two groups (phenomenal wholes) are associated with both contrast and DVs, and thus also with evidence that one group is associated with both assimilation and IVs.

Certaine Tales in Sundry Fashions:Social Minds and Hypothetical Focalization in Early Modern Narratives Daniel Hostert (bio) Preliminaries: Social Minds and Intermental Thought In his study Social Minds in the Novel, Alan Palmer proposes a paradigm shift in the analysis of narrative: “traditional” narratological approaches, Palmer claims, have put “undue emphasis” on an “internalist” perspective on the representation of consciousness in narrative, focusing on “private, solitary, and highly verbalized thought” (39). Palmer, however, stresses the importance of an “externalist” perspective that examines the social nature of fictional thought in the novel and focuses on “socially distributed, situated, or extended cognition” (41). In light of this distinction, Palmer differentiates between intramental (individual or private) thought, and intermental (i.e. joint, group, shared, or collective) thought (ibid.). The entities that are ultimately capable of intermental thought, Palmer labels social minds1. Social minds and intermental thought, finally, he considers “a crucially important component of fictional narrative” (ibid.) that should be “at the center of narrative theory” (42). Palmer’s arguments and ideas have elicited some scholarly opposition and, occasionally, even harsh criticism.2 Specifically, it has been claimed that Palmer does [End Page 169] not provide a sufficiently clear definition of intermental thought3 and that his notion of intermental units and social minds is, despite his assertions, merely metaphorical.4 Moreover, scholars have argued that the theoretical apparatus introduced by Palmer does not yield new or innovative readings when applied to concrete textual artifacts.5 While terminological and conceptual precision is crucial and the debate on both important, it is beyond the scope of this essay to address the first two issues referred to above. Particularly the question of whether or not the concept of social minds and intermental thought is a metaphor would deserve a more thorough discussion than the present paper can provide. Moreover, and most importantly, the technical apparatus developed within Palmer’s conceptual framework has displayed a high level of analytical power irrespective of this discussion. The third argument raised by opponents of Palmer’s model, however, warrants closer attention in the context of this essay; it is an argument he himself anticipates: “Some skeptics argue that cognitivists put old wine into new bottles” (“Social Minds in Fiction” 223). Proponents of this argument claim that pre-cognitive analyses of the texts that Palmer discusses would produce readings very similar to his, and that, consequently, the theoretical apparatus Palmer developed is unnecessary. In an insightful response to this argument, Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan makes three important points: “First, such a claim has been made about every new approach, including—of course—mainstream narratology before it became mainstream [ . . . ]. Second, perhaps one can get to the same “bottom line” without the apparatus, but the trajectory is not less interesting and enriching than the “bottom line.” Third, the new apparatus can yield a [ . . . ] higher degree of precision” (341). It is in light especially of the second and third points raised by Rimmon-Kenan that this paper takes its cue from Palmer. In what follows, I will examine some of the means by which social minds and intermental thought are represented and negotiated in two early modern texts: Robert Greene’s A Notable Discovery of Coosnage (1591) and Thomas Dekker’s The Wonderfull Yeare (1603).6 I do not pretend to offer revolutionary readings of these narratives or to get to a new “bottom line.” Rather, I am interested in (a) giving a more precise account of key strategies in each narrative and (b) refining the apparatus, i.e. adding the narrative strategies and principles used in these narratives to construct and reflect intermental minds to those narrative devices already identified and discussed by Palmer (see, for instance, “Middlemarch Mind” 433–434). Thus, I want to shed light on the ways in which experience is depicted as shared and cognition emerges as intermental in both narratives. The Corpus: A Few Remarks on Genre and (Non-)Fictional Narration Both Greene’s and Dekker’s text are hybrids in that they participate in the fictional as well as the non-fictional mode. Greene’s late Elizabethan prose narrative relates fictional or semi-fictional accounts of the crimes perpetrated by some of the shadier characters populating...

Evaluating who knows what

This month we focus on current research in cesarean delivery. Dr. Rouse discusses six recent publications, which are concluded with a "bottom line" that is a take-home message. A complete reference for each can be found on on this page along with direct links to abstracts.

Health care executive Jeff Emerson has no patience for physicians who complain that managed care violates their ethics. Physicians who dislike managed care cost-saving mechanisms, he says, should stop whining and just drop out of those organizations. Put your money where your mouth is and shut up, said the outspoken chief executive officer of NYLCare Health Plans of the Mid-Atlantic, based in Greenbelt, Md.

Constructing sustainable supply chain under double environmental medium regulations

Self-ligation: A clinician's point of view

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The impact of increasing power consumption trends on a global economy with limited resources to sustain them cannot be understated. As worldwide communication requirements expand, data centers will need to be designed more efficiently to not only keep operation costs down for a business' bottom line, but also to be mindful of the world's power availability and resource supply. Therefore, the importance of designing data centers efficiently, but also compactly grows in step with society's power demands. To integrate into this new smarter data center, work has been completed on a small form factor, modular, high performance liquid immersion cooled server model with heat dissipations of over 700 Watts. These high power dissipations were achieved by the integration of enhanced surfaces affixed to the bare silicon die to promote increased boiling performance. The two surfaces tested were a sintered copper microporous heat sink and one that contained a dense array of microscale fins.