Unions are prominent stakeholders in employment relations (ER), representing and protecting the rights of their members and other employees on labour-related issues that the workforce is overwhelmed with within the workplace. The purpose of this article was to examine global unionism to advise South African (SA) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector labour unionism. It focuses on the recent trends of global literature review to answer five research questions. The rationale is to gain a more theoretical understanding of union roles, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) conventions, global unionism, SA unionism, SA ICT unionism, union challenges and strategies. Globally, unionism drives advancements in socio-economic policies, calling for social dialogue between the tripartite alliances partners in ER: Unions, employers, and the government. However, SA ICT union leaders are weak when negotiating for equity, socio-economic justice, and the advancement of employees in their careers. This research study revealed that union challenges include poor social dialogue, ineffective strategies to sustain membership, inefficient partnerships, and non-collaboration between management and unions. By the results of this study, a strategic framework was proposed for union effectiveness to provide Human Resources (HR), ER and union leaders with a practical management tool. Thus, this study contributes by expanding the body of knowledge on global and SA ICT unionism.   Key words: Employees; employers; human resources; employment relations; information and communications technology; socio-economic advancement; social dialogue; South African; unionism.

With the emerging field of social entrepreneurship, academicians have raised several research agendas to give a unitary direction to the theoretical groundings and foundations of this concept. The current review is one such attempt to explore the definition of social entrepreneurship and its linkage to social innovation and disruptive thinking. This review aims to understand students’ perspectives and familiarity towards social entrepreneurship; its effectiveness in bringing social change; and the challenges in this field of study. By adopting a secondary research where recent literature on current topic is explored, this review provides fresh insights into the dimensions of social entrepreneurship. Research papers, books, and published materials on social enterprise, innovation, and disruption are rigorously reviewed and explored to derive valuable conclusions. It is inferred from the study that a successful social venture can make a positive impact and contribution to the society, yet a need to measure its implications has been recognized. The research on social entrepreneurship is not united and convergent and requires more in-depth investigations and concrete evidences that can assist with its practical implementation.      Key words: Social entrepreneurship, social innovation, disruptive thinking.

The study  aims to investigate the factors that influence South Korean non-Muslim customers' intention of purchasing Halal restaurants "cooked foods". There are three factors. This study indicated the intention of the non-Muslim customers to purchase Halal restaurant cooked foods is influenced by the healthiness, safety, and cleanness of foods and the Suwon area of South Korea. The attitude and subjective norm can help non-Muslim consumers form positive attitude towards Halal restaurant cooked foods. The finding will benefit both the academics and entrepreneurs who manage Halal business on how to improve their business. The outcome of the study supports a valuable situation  applicable to non-Muslim legal bodies on the present purchasing intention of non-Muslim customers towards Halal restaurant's program. This will likewise help manufacturers and advertisers to serve their clients better to amplify their benefit. It defines a total base for non-Muslim government officials to underwrite the inclusion of non-Muslim business visionaries in the Halal cooked foods administration industry to improve the financial branches of its supporters and fulfilling their strict duties to Halal food restrurants.   Key words: Attitude, perceived behavioural control, purchasing intention, non-Muslim, Halal restaurant. foods.

Albeit in its infancy, South Africa’s LED practice is a benchmark of a large number of African countries in general and southern African countries in particular. The practice stand out for its massive and growing LED budgets, robust legal and a variety of LED governance structures, amongst others. This study seeks to answer three critical questions: What LED facets (particular aspects) are available in literature? Are these facets being implemented in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) and Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM)? Besides the effort and monies invested in ingraining LED in South Africa, are the levels of LED practices of the two municipalities deeply embedded in literature? This paper utilises the purpose-built tool to measure the level at which LED practice in the two municipalities is embedded in LED theory. The analysis revealed presence of six key LED facets, namely, enterprise development, locality development, livelihoods development, workforce development, community development and LED Governance. Furthermore, the results show that NMBM’s LED practice is embedded in literature across all the identified; while BCMM’s LED practice is embedded across all the facets bar community development. Key words: Local Economic Development, embeddedness, Local Economic Development, Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality.

This paper examines specific constructs for sustainable entrepreneurship as perceived in the Ugandan context using confirmatory factor analysis. This study is cross-sectional. Data were collected through a face to face survey of 384 small businesses in Kampala selected through stratified and simple random sampling. Data were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The study revealed that the constructs for sustainable entrepreneurship as perceived in the Ugandan context are production management, people and skills, ecosystem management, stakeholder, finance, strategy, marketing and sales. This suggests that seven factors with eigenvalues greater than one were identified, accounting for 63.23% of the total variance explained in sustainable entrepreneurship. This study presents initial evidence on the constructs of sustainable entrepreneurship that apply to the local context from the perspective of the business owners as opposed to the experts in the field. Implications on policy and practice were discussed.   Key words: Sustainable entrepreneurship, confirmatory factor analysis, Uganda.

The Management Science theory is one of the theories of management that attributes management effectiveness to the application of scientific methods. It goes a step beyond the famous scientific management theory by applying operations research tools and techniques to solving practical problems. Its origin can be traced to the Second World War in Britain. Its method of expressing business factors in form of variables allows for the accurate prediction of business phenomena and overall optimization of profits. The management science approach uses computer applications and operations research tools to solve business problems around quantitative management, operations research, total quality management and management information systems. Its major limitation is its inability to accurately predict business phenomena that contain behavioral elements. The theory ignores the importance of people, relationships and other non-quantifiable factors. Overall, the management science theory provides a new and proactive way of solving business problems by identifying relationships among different business variables that were previously considered unrelated and so, have provided modern businesses with a better way of doing things.   Key words: Management Science theory, scientific management theory, operations research, total quality management, linear programming.

Organizational learning improves the security of information system. This study aimed to test and prove whether organizational learning had an effect on the security of information system. Data was gathered through survey, by administering questionnaires to public banks in Indonesia, and was tested using SEMPLS. This study employed explanatory research methodology. The findings showed that insecure information system was found to be the result of unoptimized organizational learning. In other words, organizational learning is a determining factor for a sufficient information system security.   Key words: Learning organization, security of information system.

This study attempts to enlarge knowledge on public value co-creation within a complex environment such as artification. The transfiguration of object that is not regarded as art in the traditional sense into something art-like underpins the development of processes suitable for analyses within the co-creation framework. The case of “EXIT”, the photographic exhibition on Ghost hotel in the province of Pavia (Lombardy, Northern Italy) has been carried out in order to achieve the research aim. The results, came out from the content analysis, demonstrated how artification triggers public value co-creation under specific conditions like the implementation of managerial logics, tools, and model. The conceptual model of artification co-creation attempts to fulfil the literature gaps which call for more investigations on the degree of citizen engagement in relation to the outcome of value creation within the democratic sphere.   Key words: Artification, value, co-creation, multi-actors engagement, strategic triangle, outcome, content analysis.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on firms’ performance in the telecommunication sector in Sudan. The EO is reflected in innovativeness, pro-activeness, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy which have been treated as a one-dimensional construct. Firms’ performance has been measured by financial and non-financial indicators in a subjective manner. To accomplish the research objective, data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire distributed to a sample of respondents from the four companies (Zain, Sudani, MTN and Canar) composing the sector of the telecommunication in Sudan. The findings revealed that, EO has a significant effect on firms’ performance in the telecommunication industry in Sudan. The findings of this research provide additional evidence from an under-examined context to support the link between EO and firms’ performance. Additionally, this research offers practical implications to practitioners, investors, entrepreneurs, board members, and fund providers pursuing instruments for evaluating the success of telecommunication companies. The study concluded that, in an environment characterized by uncertainty and rapid change, EO appears to be an essential way of creating and maintaining superior firms’ performance.   Key words: Entrepreneurial orientation, firms’ performance, Sudan, telecommunication. &nbsp

The study examines the efficiency of the investment of corporate income retention. If retained earnings are invested in positive net present value projects, they should enhance the shareholder value in the long run. It is believed that the stock market adds premium to a firm’s earnings when the firm signals more retention of earnings. However, the stock market is seen to reverse the discipline when such retained earnings are not put to effective use. This study uses a sample of 27 high-growth, profitable Indian firms and tracks their retained earnings for a period of 15 years from 2002 to 2016. The results indicate that the retained earnings were put to an ineffective use by these firms, and the financial performance metrics that form the basis for shareholders’ investment choices are misleading as the association of corporate profitability to shareholder enrichment is distorted. While firms gain profit, their shareholders sustain losses as their future cash flows from the investment of retained earnings are heavily discounted by the stock market. Earnings measure the wealth of the firms but not the health of the shareholders. Key words: Retained earnings, shareholder enrichment, financial performance metrics, assets growth, pecking order theory.