ABSTRACT Many of the membraneless organelles inside cells are multiphasic condensates with complex structural organizations driven by the demixing of phase‐separating proteins. Tailoring the structures of multiphasic condensates by controlling their demixing states is a challenge. Here, we employ two proteins with distinctly different features, including thermal responsiveness, hydrophobicity, and charges: a positively charged RGGRGG protein, which forms phase‐separated condensates below an upper critical solution temperature, and a protein based on an elastin‐like polypeptide, which forms condensates above a lower critical solution temperature. These two proteins demix to form multiphasic condensates with nested and core‐shell structures under variable conditions, which can be tailored by altering the physical and chemical environments. The demixed multiphasic condensates can also be constructed inside Escherichia coli cells, recapitulating the properties of membraneless organelles. We also show that nucleic acids preferentially enrich in the positively charged segment of the multiphasic condensates. Lastly, multiphasic condensates can deliver nucleic acids across the plasma membrane into mammalian cells, enabling cell transfection.

ABSTRACT The complexity, heterogeneity, and evolution of tumors have driven a shift in the paradigm of treatment from monotherapy to multimodal synergistic therapy. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) have garnered substantial attention for their potential to construct synergistic therapy nanoplatforms owing to their precise programmability, inherent biological functions, and excellent biocompatibility. In this review, we systematically discuss the latest advances in tFNA‐based multimodal cancer therapy. We begin by introducing the structural characteristics and drug‐delivery strategies of tFNAs, focusing on innovative tFNA‐based bimodal and multimodal synergistic therapeutic regimens aiming to address key challenges in cancer treatment, such as multidrug resistance (MDR), tumor hypoxia, and immunosuppression. Finally, we systematically summarize general design principles for tFNA‐based multimodal therapy and analyze the core obstacles hindering its translational progress. Notably, the combination of intelligent response mechanisms and immune regulation functions emerges as a highly promising research direction, and the critical scientific and technological bottlenecks for its clinical application are also emphasized herein.

ABSTRACT With the continuous advancement of social technology and the increasing awareness of health management, biomass‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) displayed significant potential as flexible wearable electronics for continuous foot gait monitoring. Nevertheless, existing biomass‐based TENG often faces challenges of insufficient mechanical robustness and durability in practical applications, where they are prone to surface abrasion and structural fracture under continuous compression and friction, severely limiting their long‐term performances. In order to address these challenges, this work proposed a multiscale crosslinking strategy, which strengthened the noncovalent interactions within the polymer by constructing multiple reinforcement networks, successfully fabricating a dual‐network C─lignin‐based triboelectric material (CLTM) with excellent durability and crack resistance. Among them, the optimal CLTM (PSGCL‐0.2) exhibited high mechanical strength (strain 445%, tensile strength 41.56 MPa, Young's modulus 41.25 MPa, toughness 159.67 MJ/m 3 ) and excellent cyclic stability (300 cycles) with versatile functionalities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV‐shielding properties, water stabilization (255.51 g/m 2 /d), efficient photothermal conversion, and full recyclability. Furthermore, biomass‐based TENG device assembled from PSGCL‐0.2 achieved stable triboelectric output properties (102.5 V, 2.9 µA, and 61.3 nC), and sustainable for 2000 cycles, fast response time (68 ms), and excellent power density (325.9 mW/m 2 ), effectively converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Especially, PSGCL‐0.2 was also integrated into the wireless self‐powered smart insole, successfully enabling real‐time visual monitoring of plantar pressure distribution and dynamic gait. Meanwhile, combined with the machine learning algorithm, the self‐powered smart insole achieved precise recognition and classification of eight different motion states with an accuracy of 98%. This study provides the feasible strategy for developing extremely stable and durable biomass‐based TENG, aimed at advancing sustainable intelligent healthcare systems.

ABSTRACT Herbicides are indispensable for safeguarding global crop production, yet their effectiveness is often undermined by extensive environmental losses during application. Using herbicide Diuron as a model compound, we developed hierarchical nanoparticles constructed through host–guest molecular recognition followed by electrostatic coassembly, yielding a formulation that unites high delivery efficiency with enhanced environmental compatibility. Relative to conventional wettable powders, these nanoparticles exhibited temperature‐responsive release behavior and significantly enhanced foliar adhesion and deposition, increasing leaf retention by more than 241.7%. They also demonstrated strong resistance to rainfall wash‐off and a markedly reduced propensity for groundwater leaching, with leaching losses decreased by approximately 18.6%. Greenhouse and field evaluations further confirmed their superior weed control under practical conditions, achieving control efficacies of up to 70.1% against Abutilon theophrasti and 52.9% against Setaria faberi , compared with 53.7% and 39.1%, respectively, for the commercial formulation at the same application rate. Extensive ecotoxicological assessments encompassing seed germination, zebrafish and earthworm assays, in vitro cellular tests, and in vivo rat studies consistently revealed an improved safety profile compared with commercial and technical formulations. Together, these results highlight hierarchical self‐assembled nanoparticles as a promising platform for next‐generation herbicide delivery that combines high target utilization with lower environmental impact and greater sustainability.

ABSTRACT Peptide‐based assemblies have gained increasing attention in different areas of nanotechnology, drug delivery and molecular biology. Among these, non‐natural β‐peptide scaffolds are particularly promising, as their programmable and diverse secondary structures, high metabolic stability and strong self‐association propensity can be easily exploited to create variable constructs. We have recently demonstrated that heterochiral, acyclic β 3 ‐peptides assembled into striped lamellar nanostructures that induced antibacterial activity. The process of this assembly formation could be exploited in diverse areas, however identifying oligomerisation stages, and more importantly, controlling the spontaneous process at different levels is still lacking. In this study, a set of analogues heterochiral hexameric β 3 ‐peptide sequences was investigated to understand how systematic, small variations of the sequences, such as single point mutation or N‐terminal chemical modification, can influence the resulting assemblies and allow the control of formed morphologies. TEM and cryo‐EM combined with molecular dynamics simulation enabled the identification and differentiation of morphological stages throughout the entire multi‐step process. Depending on the position of the sequence modifications, the self‐assembled structures formed small oligomers, individual protofibrils, extended, flat lamellae, bundles and macroscopic clusters. These results outline how the self‐assembly process of short heterochiral β‐peptides can be qualitatively fine‐tuned by sequence modifications, which contribute to understanding the general peptide assembly processes for their fibrillar morphologies.

ABSTRACT Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising for next‐generation bioelectronics due to their high performance and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, they still face tremendous operational stability challenges due to the limited robustness of the organic mixed ionic–electronic conductor (OMIEC) channel. Here, by modulating the molecular weight (MW) of OMIEC, enhanced OECT and relevant circuit operation stabilities are demonstrated, showing more than 3,000,000 full cycles (∼42 h) with less than 15% current variation in an OECT, and 150,000 cycles (∼4 h) with less than 5% voltage variation in an OECT‐based inverter, which are among the highest of reported OECT‐based electronics. Specifically, p(g2T‐T), a typical p‐type OMIEC, with varying MW (7–43 kDa), is synthesized, where lower‐MW p(g2T‐T) (∼9 kDa) exhibits superior device performance and cycling stability in OECTs, outperforming those in high‐MW counterparts (>30 kDa). It is indicated that low‐MW p(g2T‐T) maintains higher volumetric capacitance, ordered orientation, and reduced swelling. Therefore, irreversible microstructural degradation is effectively avoided, along with better performance yield. Furthermore, MW regulation enables physiological signal sensing with high tolerance to body fluid environments for 7 days. These findings highlight MW modulation as a versatile approach to suppress excessive swelling, advancing the design of durable OECT‐based electronics.

ABSTRACT As a vital component of innate immunity, the cGAS‐STING pathway has attracted widespread attention in cancer therapy, among which Mn 2+ has emerged as a promising antitumor agent. Combining cGAS‐STING agonists with chemotherapy or cancer vaccines represents an effective strategy to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we construct simple manganese chloride nanosheets (MnCl 2 NSs) that achieve combined effects resembling those of cGAS‐STING activation, chemotherapy, and in situ vaccination without requiring additional drugs or energy input. The synthesized MnCl 2 NSs release high concentrations of Mn 2+ into tumor cells, causing a storm of Mn 2+ . Through the combined effects of osmotic pressure, chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and cGAS‐STING activation, they significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of MnCl 2 and induce DNA damage, thereby achieving chemotherapy‐like combined therapeutic effects. Concurrently, tumor cells undergo PANoptosis, leading to the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor antigens, which effectively generate an in situ tumor vaccine, ultimately activating both innate (cGAS‐STING) and adaptive (PANoptosis) immune responses. Our study proposes a novel strategy to synergistically enhance immunotherapy by inducing tumor cell PANoptosis while concurrently activating the cGAS‐STING pathway, offering valuable guidance for the design of immunotherapeutic nanomaterials.

ABSTRACT Coulomb's law predicts that like‐charge ions repel and avoid dimerization. However, a class of dimers between like‐charge ions is characterized. The [3,3’‐Fe(1,2‐C 2 B 9 H 11 ) 2 ] − (abbreviated as [ o ‐FESAN] − ) represents an innovative non‐classical inorganic anion apart from hydroxyanions that exhibits anion‐anion stabilization via dihydrogen bonding. Experimental methods (nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], dynamic light scattering [DLS], and X‐ray diffraction) and theoretical approaches (density functional theory) reveal that [ o ‐FESAN] − clusters aggregate by overcoming long‐range electrostatic repulsion. The synthesis of [H 3 O][ o‐ FESAN]•3H 2 O and its crystal structure confirm the formation of stabilized anion‐anion aggregates, with [H 3 O] + counterions residing freely in the channels rather than between the anionic clusters. The structure exhibits the cisoid rotamer, which facilitates the ability of the anionic [ o ‐FESAN] − cluster to form interactions stabilized by dihydrogen bonds (head‐to‐middle cluster) shorter than the sum of the Van der Waals radii. These shorter bonds are crucial for the formation of anion‐anion interactions mediated by dihydrogen bonds. X‐ray structures show that anions aggregate in the solid state, overcoming long‐range electrostatic repulsion through dihydrogen bonds, which are distinct from the hydrogen bonds commonly observed in anion systems involving highly electronegative elements. Consistent with crystal structure evidence, 1 H NMR, transmission electron microscopy, and DLS confirm [ o ‐FESAN] − anion‐anion aggregates in solution. Theoretical calculations support the formation of these anion‐anion aggregates, primarily via C cluster ‐H···H‐B bonds. While individual B‐H···H‐B interactions are weakly attractive, their cumulative effect significantly enhances aggregate stability. Additionally, the crystal structure of Na(H 2 O) 3 [ o ‐FESAN] is reported and analyzed, providing further evidence of unconventional interactions stabilized by dihydrogen bonds.