Introduction: Currently, restorative dentistry has been moving toward minimally invasive approaches. Significant advances in materials and adhesive systems have occurred, for which there is still a need to integrate this information. Objective: To summarize the scientific evidence regarding the different types of adhesive systems, emphasizing their evolution and clinical performance. Methods: This integrative review study used the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS/MeSH) “Dental Cements,” “Adhesives,” “Dentin,” “Composite Resins,” “Dental Materials,” “Longevity,” and “Tensile Strength,” adapted for the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, SciVerse Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and grey literature (Google Scholar), aiming to select clinical trials without a time restriction on publication. Results: Of the 431 studies identified, 22 were included in the final sample. Most focused on evaluating adhesive systems applied in composite resin restorations in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs), totaling 19 investigations. A smaller number of studies evaluated adhesive systems in restorations classified as I to III or in unspecified cavities. The publication period ranged from 2001 to 2025, with the highest concentration of studies in 2020. The clinical samples showed wide variation, ranging from 90 to 234 NCCLs, with participants distributed into two to five experimental groups. Regarding adhesive systems, there was a predominance of the use of eighth-generation universal adhesives, especially Scotchbond Universal/Single Bond Universal, which were the most frequently investigated. Conclusion : The appropriate choice of the adhesive system, combined with the correct execution of the technique, is decisive for the clinical quality of composite resin restorations.

The soil and tissue nutrient survey was carried out in 12 blocks representing all the major sugarcane growing soils of the Nizamabad and Kamareddy Districts. As per the critical levels suggested for sugarcane, nearly 80.3, 9.45, 10.02, 25.9, 18.9 and 62.2 per cent of the plant tissue samples are deficient in N, P, K, Cu, Fe and Zn, respectively. Adequate amounts of Mn was noticed in all the sugarcane plant tissues. The data regarding fertility parameters of the sugarcane growing soils nearly 47.24, 91.33, 13.38 and 34.64 per cent of soils are deficient in organic carbon, N, P2O5 and Zn respectively. Adequate amounts of K, Cu, Fe and Mn was noticed in all the sugarcane growing soils. Results on nutrient content of soils and plants, it can be confirmed that the nitrogen deficiency in plants is a reflection of its deficiency in soils. But even though, there is no deficiency of potassium in soils its deficiency in plants is up to 10 per cent. Phosphorus is high in soils and the same is also reflected in plants. Regarding micronutrients, the deficiencies of Zn in soils is also reflected in plants also. But copper deficiency was observed in plants, in spite of the soils were sufficient.

This study examines the relationship between communication apprehension (CA) and communication skill gaps among postgraduate students in higher agricultural education in India. Despite extensive research on communication competencies, limited studies have examined the psychological determinants, particularly communication apprehension, influencing communication skill development. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was employed using the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 (PRCA-24) and a Training Need Index (TNI) to assess communication apprehension and skill gaps among 210 postgraduate students from three leading agricultural institutions. The findings indicate that most students exhibit moderate levels of communication apprehension, with higher anxiety observed in group discussions and interpersonal interactions. Writing and speaking skills emerged as the most critical communication gaps. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between communication apprehension and communication skill gaps (β = 0.635), suggesting that higher apprehension is associated with greater training needs. Grounded in Communication Apprehension Theory and Social Cognitive Theory, the study highlights the role of psychological factors in shaping communication behaviour. The findings underscore the need for targeted, experiential communication training interventions to enhance communication competence and professional readiness among agricultural graduates.

Fruit crop breeding has transformed from traditional selection to advanced molecular techniques, significantly enhancing productivity and climate resilience. Conventional methods—including mass selection, pure line selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding—laid the foundation for varietal innovation. Hybridization, specifically, has been instrumental in pyramiding desirable traits and exploiting heterosis to create superior F1 hybrids in species like papaya and passion fruit. The integration of molecular tools like Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS), Genomic Selection (GS), and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has drastically reduced breeding cycles. MAS allows for early-stage selection of traits such as disease resistance and fruit quality, while GS predicts breeding values across the entire genome, overcoming the limitations of traditional phenotyping. CRISPR/Cas9 offers unprecedented precision for targeted gene knockouts or sequence replacements, addressing challenges like shelf-life extension and nutritional fortification. Indian research institutions, including IIHR and CISH, have contributed significantly by developing improved varieties of mango (e.g., Amrapali), banana, and citrus tailored to local agro-climatic conditions. Despite these successes, implementation is hindered by insufficient funding, poor infrastructure, regulatory complexities, and a shortage of skilled personnel. Future advancements lie in speed breeding, artificial intelligence-based predictive modeling, and multi-omics integration. Modernizing infrastructure and streamlining regulatory frameworks are essential for India to guarantee food security and economic sustainability through sustainable fruit crop improvement.

Sericulture represents an important agro-based rural sector, particularly in North-East India where eri silk production is widely practiced. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of digestive enzyme-enriched castor leaves on the quality of eri spun yarn produced by the eri silkworm (Samia ricini Donovan) during the spring (March–April) and autumn (September–October) seasons of 2024–2025. Completely Randomised Design (CRD) were used to set up the experiment. Three α-amylase and lipase concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) as well as a combination treatment (1% α-amylase + 1% lipase) were assessed and evaluated with an untreated control. Twist per inch (T.P.I), yarn size, breaking load, tenacity, elongation %, and other aspects of yarn quality were examined. Among treatments, α-amylase at 3% concentration consistently recorded superior performance. In spring, it produced the highest yarn size (19.22 S), breaking load (0.72 kg), tenacity (0.81 g/d), elongation (18.38%), and TPI (18). Similar trends were observed in autumn, though overall values were comparatively lower than spring. The combination treatment also showed improvement over control, particularly in tenacity and elongation. Across all parameters, the control group recorded the lowest values, confirming the beneficial role of digestive enzymes in enhancing silk fibre characteristics. Seasonal comparison indicated that spring conditions were more favourable than autumn, resulting in better yarn quality traits. The study concludes that fortification of castor leaves with digestive enzymes, especially α-amylase at 3% concentration, significantly enhances eri spun yarn quality. This nutritional supplementation strategy offers a practical and effective approach for improving silk productivity and yarn performance under varying seasonal conditions.

Snack foods are growing very fast compared to other food products. Today, the concern of people in food is not only to satisfy hunger but also to consume a product which could be beneficial for health or may decrease the risk of developing various diseases. The present study focused on the development and evaluation of texture, total phenolic content, antioxidants and titratable acidity of date and fig bars incorporated with banana blossom and jackfruit seed powders. Six formulations (T0 to T5) were prepared, with T0 serving as the control (comprising Medjool dates, dried figs, and jaggery powder), while T1 to T5 included varying proportions of jackfruit seed and banana blossom powders. Nutritional profiling revealed that total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were highest in T5 (2.78mg GAE/100g and 41.35% DPPH scavenging activity, respectively), correlating with the high polyphenol content of banana blossom. Titratable acidity increased due to the presence of organic acids in the added powders. Texture profile analysis showed that the T3 sample had the best textural parameters. The study concludes that banana blossom and jackfruit seed powders are promising ingredients for enhancing the functional and nutritional profile of fruit- based snack bars, contributing to product diversification, dietary fibre intake, and sustainable utilisation of agro-biodiversity.

Chlorantraniliprole, a novel diamide insecticide, is widely used for controlling pod borers, particularly Helicoverpa armigera, in pigeonpea crops. The present study investigates the dissipation and residue persistence of chlorantraniliprole in pigeonpea pods under field conditions during therabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23. Chlorantraniliprole was applied as a foliar spray at bud initiation and pod formation stages. Residue extraction was performed using the modified QuEChERS method, followed by analysis via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The dissipation study revealed that chlorantraniliprole residues dissipated rapidly, with over 90% of the pesticide degraded by Day 5 and complete dissipation (below detectable levels) by Day 10. The pesticide followed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 1.21 days and the safe waiting period before harvest was determined to be 7.51 days, ensuring that residues were below the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) of 0.03 mg/kg. The study confirms that chlorantraniliprole is a rapidly degrading pesticide and adherence to the recommended waiting period ensures its safe use in pigeonpea cultivation. These findings support the safe and effective use of chlorantraniliprole in pest management, particularly against pod borers in pigeonpea, while ensuring consumer safety through the reduction of pesticide residues in edible parts.

Social vulnerability can trigger various disorders due to everyday factors that compromise quality of life and influence physical pain. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), anxiety, and depression in homeless individuals. This is cross-sectional observational study, where sociodemographic questionnaires, the Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DC/TMD) symptom questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HAD) were applied to 40 homeless individuals in Brasília/DF. Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Cohen's d'Or with Hedges correction were used to evaluate the study variables in SPSS, considering a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). It was observed that 42.5% of participants reported having experienced pain in the jaw, temple, ear, or anterior region of the ear, while 57.5% denied this symptom It can be observed that the average number of positive responses was 4.88 (SD 2.32), indicating that, on average, participants presented approximately five positive responses on the instrument. Anxiety showed a mean of 11.25, with a low standard deviation (0.46), depression, on the other hand, showed a mean of 9.58, with a standard deviation of 1.11. The association between anxiety, depression, and chronic pain may increase the risk or worsening of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in homeless individuals. In the present study, homeless individuals presented symptoms of TMD, with high levels of chronic pain in this group, in addition to concerning rates of anxiety and depression, especially in the female population.

Ethylene-releasing compounds such as ethephon (commonly known as ethrel) are also used in commercial cultivation to shift the floral balance toward femaleness and enhance yield potential. Most of the available research on PGR-induced changes in cucumber sex expression has been conducted under controlled or semi-controlled conditions, with limited studies addressing their comparative effects under open-field environments. This gap in research is particularly significant, considering the fluctuating environmental variables in field settings that may influence hormonal responses. The study was conducted from February to May 2021 at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), India. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), a monoecious species, was recognized as the second most widely cultivated cucurbit after watermelon. As sex expression played a critical role in influencing yield, the experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) gibberellic acid (GA₃), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), silver nitrate (AgNO₃), and ethrel applied at three concentrations alongside a control. The experiment followed a randomized block design (RBD) with thirteen treatments and three replications under open-field conditions. Significant variation (p < 0.05) was observed among treatments for all phenotypic traits. Ethrel at 300 ppm exerted the strongest feminizing effect, resulting in the highest number of female flowers per vine (23.00), the earliest female flower initiation (38.00 days), and the lowest sex ratio (0.48). In contrast, AgNO₃ at 375 ppm induced the highest number of male flowers (24.33) and the highest sex ratio (1.66). GA₃ promoted early flowering while maintaining a balanced sex ratio, whereas NAA increased both male and female flower production without significantly altering sex expression. Control plants exhibited delayed flowering (45.33 days) and a higher nodal position for the first female flower (12.22). Overall, Ethrel proved to be the most effective PGR in enhancing femaleness, highlighting the potential for hormonal manipulation to regulate sex expression and improve cucumber yield. The findings highlighted how targeted hormonal interventions shaped floral dynamics effectively. Utilizing such plant growth regulators has proven valuable for strategic crop planning, hybrid seed production, enhanced yield outcomes and optimizing cucumber cultivation practices.

Efficient irrigation management is essential for improving crop productivity and water use efficiency in semi-arid regions facing increasing water scarcity. The present study evaluated the performance of a sensor-based precision irrigation system in tomato cultivation under greenhouse and open field conditions in the semi-arid climatic region of Madakasira, Andhra Pradesh. Hybrid tomato (Saaho TO-3251) was grown under two cultivation environments: protected greenhouse conditions with sensor-based automated drip irrigation and open-field conditions with conventional drip irrigation scheduling. Total seasonal water use was 312 mm under greenhouse conditions and 428 mm in the open field. The greenhouse system produced a yield of 125 t ha⁻¹ compared to 60 t ha⁻¹ in the open field. Water use efficiency was higher under greenhouse cultivation due to reduced evapotranspiration losses and precise irrigation scheduling based on soil moisture thresholds (23–28%). Sensor-based irrigation reduced overall water application by approximately 27% compared to conventional scheduling. The results indicate that integration of soil moisture sensors with automated irrigation in protected cultivation can improve water productivity and crop performance in drought-prone semi-arid regions.