The paper explores the endangerment of the Ruthenian language in Serbia through a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses of data obtained from a sociolinguistic questionnaire (VLingS Questionnaire 1.0; Miric et al. 2025) completed by 78 members of the Ruthenian community. The field research was conducted in 2023 as part of the project ?Vulnerable Languages and Linguistic Varieties in Serbia? (VLingS), funded by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia within the program IDEAS (2022-2024). The study presents findings from the quantitative analysis of responses related to the educational background of speakers (V_2, V_5), their emotional and attitudinal relationship to the Ruthenian language (XII_4, XII_5), and perspectives on language maintenance and revitalization (XIV_4, XIV_6, XIV_7). It further examines patterns of language use across different social domains (III_1_1-III_1_6) and the intergenerational transmission of the language (II_5, II_6, II_7). Notable discrepancies emerged between the respondents? declared attitudes and reported language practices, as well as between their stated values and actual engagement in preservation efforts. To address these inconsistencies, the paper includes a qualitative analysis of open-ended responses concerning language maintenance (XIV_5 and XIV_9), offering interpretative insights into the underlying sociolinguistic dynamics. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex factors affecting the sustainability of minority languages in multilingual settings.

The text brings an overview of the abuses against Serbs in the districts of Otocac and Brinje, focusing on religious conversion in this area. It draws on archival sources, sec?ondary literature, and verbal witness accounts. After a general introduction about the at?titude of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) toward the Serbs, the author offers information on the mistreatment of Serbs in the Otocac area. He then discusses the posi?tion of the Roman Catholic Church on religious conversion, especially conversion from Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism in the territory of the Diocese of Senj-Modrus and 70 persons who requested religious conversion between May and July 1941. Finally, he recounts the fate of Orthodox churches in the Otocac area and the attitude toward the religion of the Serbs in Lika under the socialist regime as a result of Serbian suffering during World War II.

Т. Ф. Теперик (Москва

Я. Л. Забудская (Москва

КНИГИВ СИСТЕМЕ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ В БЫТОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ МУСУЛЬМАН И ХРИСТИАН СОФИИ В XVIII В.

The peculiarities of Balkan languages nominal infl ections are closely connected with the use of defi nite articles, as there are postpositive articles in Bulgarian.Macedonian, Albanian and Rumanian, prepositive articles in Modern Greek and copulative articles in Albanian, Rumanian and Modern Greek connecting nouns with adjectives.The tendency towards analytism of the nominal system is not specifi c only for Balkan languages, but it can also be found in many other European languages.So this is not only a question of Balkan linguistics but also of Eurolinguistics.Characteristic of the Balkan languages, however, are a number of phenomena that accompany these analytic tendencies, especially the use of articles, postpositive, prepositive and copulative, as well as the doubling of clitics connected with direct and indirect objects, and above all the abundance of the verbal systems in all these languages.No articles are used in the Northern Southeastern European languages (Serbian, Croatian, and Slovene), and in other West and East Slavic languages, e.g.Polish, Czech, Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian.Prepositive articles like in Modern Greek are found in most of the European languages, but postpositive articles can be found in Scandinavian languages and in some northern Russian dialects.We have to raise a question, if the Balkan areais special regarding the use of articles (except Serbian, Croatian, and Slovene).The term "area" is used in dialectology for any geographical region isolated on the basis of its linguistic characteristics.An "areal classifi cation" would establish "areal types" or groups, such as Scandinavian or

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The traditional society of the Pomaks is structured on a series of contrasts which characterize their traditional system of values. The problems they face as much in the boundaries of the Muslim minority of Thrace, as well as in the frames of the wider Greek society of the region have defined their cultural expression.

The purpose of this article would certainly be to take us back in time to the end of the 19*century, and to introduce us to the conditions of that time on the territory of the Đerdaps, which have been forever changed by the modern development of civilization. Along that path, we will follow the text of the very important but not well known literary work of the Hungarian engineer Bela de Gonda; L 'amelioration des Fortes de Per et des autres cataracts du Bas-Danube, which was announced in Budapest in 1898. It seems that the book itself was composed for the purpose of describing enormous technical works the construction of roads and navigable canals through ravines during the 19th century, which count Istvan Secenji began in 1833. However, one completely separate segment, which is also the subject framework of our article, is dedicated to the works of the Romans on the Danube. It is marked number four and in the original text it is titled Les Travaux des Remains Dans le Contrees du Bas-Danube. For the first time, translated from French with important notes and discussions, is a short but especially important segment of Bela de Gonda's book. Gonda tried to add to his own observations the experiences of previous researchers like Count F. Marsiljija (F. Marsigli) from the beginning of the 18th century, and later G Teglasa (G. Teglas) and the enthusiast Dj. Nojdeka (G. Nevdeck) and P. Vasarheljija (P. Vasarhelyi) from the 19th century. In that manner he composed an all-inclusive review of the then current knowledge of the Đerdap ancient times during the Roman period. Without any intention of disturbing the authentic expressions of Gonda, worthy on their own, the framework of observations points out the interpretations and realizations of modern researchers of the Đerdaps in ancient epochs. We believe that Gonda's expressions should certainly be considered an important supplement to our overall picture of the first explorations of the Đerdaps and their antiquity from the Roman period. We should not forget to mention that Gonda's book, in addition to the archeological segment, which this article is written about contains important information from other scientific fields. Here it would be difficult to name every topic that Bela de Gonda still deals with, and thus we find the need to translate the entire work into Serbian so that it would be available to the entire skilled public in our country.

The author suggests corrections in reading the inscription CIL III 4002 lines 3-7 (see pp. 1-2). The formula q(ui vixit) ann(os), lines 3-4, was common in Late Antiquity, unlike the previous reading...ann(orum), which was typical for the Early Empire. L.5 memoria frequently appeared in funerary monuments in Late Antiquity. L. 6 Instead of unlikely collegae, the complement colloc(avit or –erunt) has been suggested, according to analogies sedem conlocasse (Siscia, CIL 3996) sepulcrum (!) collocavit, with the Christogram ( Siscia,CIL 3996a). The inscription can be more precisely dated with regard to the Christogram. In nearby Sirmium, this symbol repeatedly appears in epitaphs, whether unaccompanied, or between the letters a and w. According to a dated inscription with a Christogram from Constantius times the entire group of inscriptions bearing this symbol may be supposed to have originated from mid-, or, at the latest, second half of 4th century (notes 2-4). Durostoranus (Amm. Marc. XXXI 15, 6) In the paragraph referred to above: Verum introire non ausus, qui missus est, per Christianum quendam portatis scriptis et recitatis, utque decebat, contemptatis parandis operibus dies et nox omnis absumpta (ed. W.Seyfarth, Leipzig 1978), the author instead of the reading to date, christianum, suggests the restitution of the Codex lection Vat. lat. 1873 dirist<r>anum, which would be the adjective derived from the toponym D(i)ristra, a variant of Durostorus, cf. Zonara (XVI 12) e/n Dorosto$lw...toy#to d h% Dri$stra e/sti. Further on, (...scriptis et recitatis, utque dicebat, contemptatis, parandis operibus dies et nox omnis absumpta), two differently noted or emendated points are present. The one is ut dicebat, in a later manuscript, and in Seyfarth's critical edition changed into ut decebat. This emendation is not necessary: the emissary said that he had taken the letter and given the message that was ignored by the inhabitants, and not "given the message as was befitting". That would therefore, mean that between the other two options, contemptatis (=contemptis, cf. note 13) and contemplatis, the former should be decided on. On terms Ecclesia and catholica in Early Christian texts from Sirmium The term Ecclesia catholica is found at the end of Passion of St. Irenaeus (executed in AD 304), in his prayer (cf. above, p. 6, with note 15). The syntagma indicates rather that the Passion originates from the era of struggle against heresies (second half of 4th century), when it was necessary to emphasize that Irenaeus was a member of Orthodox Church, than that it dates from the first third of the century, when the discussed syntagma stood for a united, universal, ecumenical Church (note 19). This is concurrent with the absence of ecclesia catholica in Passions of other Sirmium martyrs, on epigraphic monuments, (note 16) and in Altercatio- debate, conducted in January 366, between Semi-Arian Bishop Germinius and layman Heraclianus (note 17).