Abstract Choquequirao Regional Conservation Area is a natural protected area in southern Peru, where an Inca archaeological site with the same name is located. The area is rich in orchids, many of which remain undescribed. Here, we describe a new species of Telipogon (Orchidaceae) from Choquequirao, which we name Telipogon choquequiraoense . The species is similar to T. huancavelicanus but differs by the sub-rhombic to widely lanceolate petals, the oblong labellum, the setose dark purple callus, and the acicular setae on the column. We provide a detailed description, along with a line drawing and pictures of the new entity. We also graphically show the Telipogon richness and generate a taxonomic key including all Telipogon species that occur within the conservation area.

Abstract Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) is a cosmopolitan genus of ca. 80 species native to both the Old and New Worlds. The genus has been the subject of multiple phylogenetic studies during the past 20 years, with different evolutionary relationships recovered depending on the taxon-locus combinations. Using whole plastomes and nuclear ribosomal cistrons, the phylogenetics, biogeographic patterns, and plastome selection of Lithospermum and its relatives were examined. Lithospermum is here resolved as non-monophyletic, with Ulugbekia tschimganica forming the sister group to L. hancockianum . Therefore, an expanded circumscription of Lithospermum is tentatively proposed, which aligns with other, prior studies. Based on multiple phylogenetic methods, evolutionary relationships inferred by the plastid genome are incongruent with those from the nuclear ribosomal cistron as well as prior analyses based on other nuclear DNA loci. This incongruence is likely due to incomplete lineage sorting within the nuclear genome and between nuclear and plastid markers during early diversification of the genus in the New World. Lithospermum is resolved to have originated in the Old World, with independent dispersal events to southern Africa and to North America, and a subsequent a long-distance dispersal event to the northern Andes mountain range in South America. Only six genes of the plastid genome are under positive selection, and based on prior studies, these are similar to those across Lithospermeae but differ from those among other tribes in the family.

The recent discovery of Psilotum × intermedium in Mexico prompted us to reassess the nomenclature of this genus, which has global implications. From an extensive review of nomenclatural types and herbarium specimens, field collections, and a morpho-anatomical analysis, P. nudum and P. flaccidum are treated as accepted species, while P. × complanatum is treated as an interspecific hybrid between them. With this clarification, we specify their main synonymies and designate seven lectotypes (for Bernhardia schiedeana, Psilotum complanatum var. latissimum, P. complanatum var. mexicanum, P. floridanum, P. neocaledonicum, P. triquetrum, P. triquetrum var. gracile) and we select an epitype to give taxonomic support to the hybrid. We provide descriptions, diagnostic comments, and a key for identification of the accepted taxa, and also update the geographical ranges of these three taxa, mainly in Neotropics.