We describe an unusual case of cervical meningioma presenting as a carotid body tumour. This case emphasises the importance of cytoradiologic correlation in lesions with atypical imaging findings; and the crucial role of fine needle aspiration cytology in accurately diagnosing masses in precarious anatomic sites of the head and neck.

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This case report highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytological features, emphasising the complementary roles of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and histology. Through a detailed evaluation of a trabecular adenoma misclassified as oncocytic, the study underscores the importance of thorough histological assessment to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure accurate clinical management.

This is the first case report describing the diagnostic value of dot-shaped inclusions associated with promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) to define JC virus-infected glial cells in an intraoperative cytopathological diagnosis for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Several issues must be resolved before blood samples can be used upfront to assess the minimal residual disease leading, with the aim of developing multiple solutions in the near future. This article investigates the assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) in non-small cell lung cancers, with a special focus on the issues associated with the various different assays and the limitations associated with the use of circulating free DNA analyses for MRD assessment in early stage lung cancer. Recommendations and tips for the optimisation of MRD evaluation in non-small cell lung cancers are provided.

EBUS-TBNA is a method of acquiring tissue samples from intrathoracic lymph nodes and central intrathoracic tumours in patients suspected of having lung cancer. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) denotes assessing tissue samples during EBUS (or bronchoscopy), providing instant feedback on sample adequacy and provisional cytomorphological diagnosis. Sector multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussion can then make informed treatment decisions, with confirmatory immunohistochemistry being finalised before provision of final treatment. Currently, impact of ROSE on length of time patients spend on the lung cancer diagnostic pathway remains unclear. We retrospectively evaluated the impact of ROSE on the length of time between patients' EBUS/bronchoscopy procedures and discussion at sector MDT, referred to as time to treatment decision (TTD), at our institution. Additionally, we assessed impact of ROSE on number of passes (number of times nodes/masses were sampled) per procedure. The mean TTD was 77.9% shorter (p = 0.001) with ROSE present than when absent. Patients who received ROSE spend 34.3% less time (p = 0.028) on lung cancer diagnostic pathway overall. There was a significant reduction in number of passes in non-malignant nodes with ROSE present (2.23) than when absent (3.14) (p < 0.001). With ROSE present there was a significantly greater number of passes at malignant sites (5.07) than non-malignant sites (2.23) (p < 0.001). These findings support conclusions made in our institution's previous study, that utilisation of ROSE reduces TTD. ROSE also allows safe advancement through nodes with low suspicion of malignant involvement, focusing time on sampling nodes/masses of greater suspicion.

Cover illustration: Lymph node fine needle aspiration smear showing a polymorphous population of dispersed lymphoid cells represented by small lymphocytes and follicular centre cells including nucleolated immunoblasts (Diff-Quick stain 430x), from the Review Article COVID-19 post-vaccination lymphadenopathy: A review of the use of fi ne needle aspiration cytology by Alessandro Caputo et al., pp. 423–432, https://doi.org/10.1111/cyt.13221 and Bar chart showing the percentage of cytology cases co-reported before and during the pandemic, from the Review Article International survey of cytopathology training during the pandemic: Water under the bridge? by Nataliya Piletska et al., pp. 433–441, https://doi.org/10.1111/cyt.13262.