In Russia, in order to ensure the efficient functioning of civil-law transactions and to protect the rights and lawful interests of the parties to such transactions, a reliable legal mechanism is required, the one capable of effectively regulating existing social relations, including those in the energy sector, and enabling parties to protect their rights and lawful interests. One such legal mechanism is the statute of limitations, which has found practical application in civil law and effectively protects the rights and interests of those whose rights have been infringed upon, through judicial remedies. The article examines the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the judicial law enforcement practice of courts of general jurisdiction and commercial courts concerning the limitation periods, the procedure for suspending and restoring the statute of limitations, and also analyzes the statute of limitations from both objective and subjective perspectives, as well as the burden of proving circumstances indicating the expiration of the statute of limitations, which is imposed on the plaintiff when filing a claim in court. The article analyzes Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 43 of September 29, 2015 (as amended on June 22, 2021 by No. 18) on Certain Issues Related to the Application of the Provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the Statute of Limitations. It examines the institution of singular succession and the rights of the successor, for whom all procedural actions performed in the judicial proceedings prior to their intervention are binding, as well as whether it is necessary to re-submit a statute of limitations application or a motion to revive the statute of limitations. The statute of limitations on claims of public-law entities represented by authorized bodies is analyzed, and the statute of limitations is also examined as a binding term that cannot be altered by agreement of the parties.

The article reviews scientific issues of systematization of industry-specific laws of the Russian Federation by way of codification. The author conducts a brief analysis of the objectives and structure of the currently applicable twenty codes and concludes that it might be reasonable to merge some of them, those governing transport, natural resource, procedural and judicial relations, into single codes. It is highlighted that extensive segments of industry-specific legal regulation remain neither codified nor systematized. Therefore, it is substantiated and proposed to develop the following draft codes of the Russian Federation: the Entrepreneurial Code, the Energy Code, the Transport Code, the Natural Resources Code, the Justice Code, the Digital (Information) Code, the Environmental Code, the Education Code, the Science and Research Code, and the Healthcare Code. In the author's opinion, an essential condition for the stability and effectiveness of the law enforcement practice of all updated existing and future codes should be their focus on the anticipated development of the social relations they are designed to regulate.

The article examines the types of oil and gas companies in the Kyrgyz Republic and the specific features of the legal regulation of the execution, implementation, and enforcement of shareholder agreements in this country. First, companies are classified according to several criteria: form of ownership (state, private, mixed); scope of activities (exploration and production, processing, storage); foreign participation (national enterprises and organizations with foreign participation). Next, the legal framework for the activities of oil and gas companies is described, including a list of relevant regulatory instruments of the Kyrgyz Republic that apply to the industry at both the legislative and subordinate levels. In this regard, shareholder agreements, which serve as an important tool for managing corporate relationships, are analyzed. The specific features of entering into these contracts within the Kyrgyz legal framework are described, including their legal force and the liability of the parties for breaching the agreements. The most common provisions of these agreements are reviewed: those governing decision-making procedures, the appointment of management bodies, the distribution of income, and the resolution of conflicts. Measures aimed at ensuring compliance with the obligations of the parties to the agreements are also considered, including both the principal legal mechanisms for securing the execution of shareholder agreements and more narrowly focused tools that are used in capital-intensive and large-scale projects specific to the industry. Furthermore, a number of specific features of shareholder agreements in the oil and gas industry of the Kyrgyz Republic are highlighted, stemming from the nature of its oil and gas companies' activities, their asset structure, the regulatory environment, and the strategic importance of the industry for the country's economy. Examples are provided to support the aforementioned features.

During the fourth energy transition, renewable energy sources play a special role as a type of sustainable energy capable of replacing fossil fuels, especially in the electric power sector. Indeed, at present, energy facilities based on renewable energy sources (RES) occupy a significant place in the fuel and energy complex. At the same time, the expert community continues to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of renewable generation, including the instability of energy production, high financial costs during the construction of RES facilities, the environmental friendliness of such energy facilities, etc. Thus, the areas of further development and timely implementation of renewable energy sources in the energy sector include the disposal of components of energy facilities using renewable generation. This aspect may be considered an integral element of the legal regime of said energy facilities and therefore falls within the scope of energy law regulation. The legal regulation of RES in Russia is based on various regulations, namely Federal Law No. 35-FZ dated March 26, 2003, “On Electric Power Industry,” Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 2359 dated December 28, 2023, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 86 dated January 30, 2021, and others. However, current Russian law does not establish rules and standards for the disposal of components of energy facilities using renewable energy sources. The practice of legal regulation in China and India may serve as a progressive example of legislative regulation of this area. These states occupy leading positions in terms of production and consumption of electric energy produced using renewable sources. Taking into account the examined foreign legal regulation experience, this article offers proposals for updating the current energy laws of the Russian Federation in the field of disposal of components of energy facilities using renewable generation.

The new Russian digital currency law marks a significant milestone in the country's approach to di versifying its banking sector. This initiative was adopted in response to Western financial restrictions that se verely affected the ruble exchange rate in the first quarter of 2022. As a result of these sanctions, Russian banks were disconnected from the global SWIFT platform, losing their ability to manage international payments and highlighting the need for alternative cross-border transaction methods. This article explores the concept of the digital ruble as a transformative tool for international energy settlements. It examines the current challenges related to digital currency implementation, including legal, technical, and economic aspects. The author high lights the advantages of the digital ruble, such as reducing transaction costs, accelerating settlement speeds, and enhancing the transparency of financial transactions. Based on these benefits, the article identifies the prospects of the digital ruble for payments and transfers between Russia and friendly nations, taking into ac count the specifics and current trends of the global energy market. Additionally, the paper analyzes the pros pects for interactions of the CBDC systems in the energy sector outside the EU and the United States. It also discusses how the digital ruble could minimize currency risks and improve the competitiveness of the Russian energy sector on the international stage. The purpose of this article is to examine the key opportunities and outline the prospects for developing international payments in the energy sector through the integration of cen tral bank digital currencies (CBDCs), with a particular focus on the digital ruble, into the financial system. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the potential applications of the digital ruble for interna tional settlements, taking into account the specific characteristics of the energy sector and current trends in Russia's partnership relations with other countries. In conclusion, the author offers recommendations for over coming existing barriers to the successful introduction of the digital ruble within international financial flows.

In the current economic and political conditions there is a need to regulate the conduct of exchange traders. Currently, exchanges carry out this regulation directly, but it is not sufficient. Therefore, a comparative legal analysis of approaches to regulating the ethical conduct of traders in foreign jurisdictions is particularly relevant. Foreign experience shows that regulators and exchanges identify trader misconduct, establish criteria for such conduct and measures to punish it. At the same time, to minimize potential consequences for the commodity market, for example, due to erroneous actions by exchanges in qualifying conduct, and maintain its stability, the foreign regulator exercises control over activities of exchanges and trader compliance with local legislation, issues relevant acts and recommendations containing a list of desirable and undesirable market practices. According to the author, when introducing amendments and additions to regulatory legal acts regarding the powers of the Bank of Russia, it may be beneficial to consider foreign experience in regulating misconduct of exchange traders in the commodity market in Russian practice.

This article analyzes the main legal trends in the field of maximum electrical capacity reserve in the Russian Federation in the light of energy law innovations. The article examines the various meanings of the concept of maximum electrical capacity reserve, the development trends of the legal substance of the institution of maximum electrical capacity reserve, and contains a comparative legal analysis of foreign law provisions. The identified aspects of the new institution of Russian energy law allow us to conclude that there is excessive public legal regulation of private law relations in this field. The author substantiates the point of view that the potential development of a standard agreement with a condition for maximum electrical capacity reserve will affect the reduction of the discretion of the parties to the agreement and upset the balance of interests of all parties to the legal relations in question. The article discusses options of using the most balanced mechanism for legal regulation of relations associated with maximum electrical capacity reserve in Russia.

The article reviews the concept of special economic zones and sources of legal regulation thereof in the Russian Federation and gives a brief analysis of the global practice of creation of special economic zones. The topic is relevant as the present situation, especially the current geopolitical conditions, require Russia to review the approaches to and methods of assurance of stable economic development to ensure a steady position of the country on the global economic arena. Creation of special economic zones as a driver of internal economic growth and an element of international economic integration accumulates an entire range of scientific, technical, social and economic goals. Such zones include technological, industrial, tourist and port zones where companies are offered tax and customs benefits and favorable terms and conditions of rent and purchase of land. The purpose of the article is a study of special economic zones that play an important role in encouragement of development of different regions of Russia. The purpose is achieved by solution of tasks associated with the definition of the concept and types of special economic zones and identification of legal regulation sources. The use of such research methods in the article as analysis of scientific publications, deduction and systematization makes it possible to determine new areas of social, economic, scientific and technical progress thanks to development of special economic zones and sources of legal regulation thereof. The topic of the article is important from the theoretical standpoint as the contemporary zoning policy is aimed at encouragement of high-tech sectors, introduction of innovations, lowering dependence on import and raising the level of economic development of regions by creation of new growth centers in the competitive production sphere. The practical importance of the article lies in obtainment of knowledge on the fact that companies located in special economic zones have access to the existing infrastructure, and their activities become more efficient thanks to legal regulation sources.

The lack of clarity concerning the legal nature of the contract for technological connection to power grids leads to a variety of judicial practices and contradictory judicial rulings on similar disputed matters. This also results in significant losses for the grid operator. This article examines the legal nature of the contract for technological connection from the perspective of the doctrine and judicial practice, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. Furthermore, it highlights the practical importance of establishing the legal nature of this contract and evaluates the risks for grid companies in the event of an increase in consumers’ motiveless refusal to conclude the contract. Following the study, proposals have been put forward to improve the laws, in particular, to introduce a definition of the contract for technological connection, indicating its legal nature. It appears that defining the contract for technological connection at the legislative level may contribute to the formation of uniform judicial practice.

In the globalized world, energy security means the ability of countries and regions to satisfy their energy demands without any threats to their economic, social or political stability. Energy security depends on a variety of factors such as availability, reliability, price and sustainability of energy resources as well as the level of cooperation and competition between producers, consumers and transit countries. Energy security in the globalized world is a multifaceted problem that includes availability, reliability and accessibility of energy resources. International cooperation is of great importance since energy security is not limited by national borders, but is a common global problem. The key role is assigned to international treaties. Countries need to solve legal issues arising in view of the transition to the low-carbon economy and guarantee that their policy is in line with the obligations to fight against the climate change. The achievement of safe and sustainable energy future in the inter-related world requires a combination of legal measures and strategic planning.