The purpose of this research is to conduct a predictive assessment of the impact of hazardous geodynamic processes on underground construction in the central part of Lviv. These processes are linked to specific geological structures, hydrogeological conditions, unique rock properties, and the chemical composition of groundwater. Relevance of work. In Lviv and many other large cities in Ukraine, transportation and parking problems are extremely acute. They are especially relevant for the central part of the city, which is characterised by a dense network of narrow streets, extreme vehicle saturation, dense buildings, and numerous transportation attractions. Their design and construction require detailed information about the structure, composition, and properties of the geological environment, as well as the geological risk assessment associated with the construction and operation of such structures. Research methods. Information on geological conditions, composition, physical, mechanical, filtration, and corrosion properties of soils, the aggressiveness of groundwater, design features of structures, types of foundations, and experience in constructing underground trams has been collected and comprehensively analysed. More than 50 experimental wells were specially drilled, and geophysical, engineering, geodetic, and laboratory studies were performed. Computer cartographic models of the geological environment were also built. Results. Based on the data obtained, the geological structure, hydrogeological conditions, physical and mechanical properties of the soils, and morphodynamic processes in the central part of the city are characterised. A spatial analysis of the risk-forming components of the geological environment is conducted, and the risks associated with its construction development are assessed. Scientific novelty. Various types of risk-forming factors for underground construction in the central part of Lviv have been identified. These factors include: geological factors that encompass structure of the rock massif, composition and condition of the rocks, their physical, mechanical and seismic properties, as well as their vulnerability to external influence; hydrogeological factors that involve the number of aquifers, depth of groundwater, their chemical composition and aggressiveness toward building structures, pressure level and the relationship between aquifers; morphodynamic factors that relate to the speed of modern tectonic movements and the development of suffosion processes and deformations of the Earth's surface. For the first time, a predictive assessment of geological risks associated with underground construction in various areas of the study region has been provided. Practical significance. The results obtained will make it possible to ensure the rational spatial location of underground parking lots and other objects of underground urbanization, to choose effective construction technologies that provide minimal risks for the stability of the designed structures and adjacent buildings and engineering infrastructure and will also serve as an information base for predicting the negative consequences of the construction and operation of underground structures in the long term.

The purpose of the article is to illustrate and, where possible, explain the regularities of the internal structure of technogenic accumulations at the "Pivnichnyi" and "Pivdennyi" iron ore quarries located near Kryvyi Rih city. The research methodology consisted of the following stages: a) field measurements and data collection; b) laboratory data processing, which included: plotting structural data, statistical analysis, and calculating averaged values of azimuths and dip angles and the scatter of these values for planar structural elements of both bedrock blocks and technogenic accumulations, as well as calculating the rotation angles of the bedrock blocks and the Structuring Planes within the technogenic formations. Novelty of Research Results. A) The varying degree of structure in technogenic accumulations (screes, embankments, and filled artificial voids) of the quarry dumps has been established. The study identifies both unstructured and varying degrees of structured accumulations, specifically recording such structural elements as layering, mechanical foliation, and linearity within the latter. B) Two methods for calculating the rotation angles of bedrock blocks and the structuring planes of technogenic formations relative to the vertical and horizontal axes are proposed, which allowed for the quantitative assessment of their mutual displacement. C) It is established that the formation of newly formed planar structures within technogenic accumulations is a directed process, resulting from the inheritance of the host rock's structural anisotropy – initially shaped by regional strike-slip stress regimes – which leads to the creation of the accumulation's own, oriented technogenic stratification (layering). D) It is conceptually substantiated that the bedrock blocks and the technogenic accumulations develop and form as a single, mutually coordinated object, which is termed a "geological-technogenic system," functioning due to "geodynamic interaction." E) It is demonstrated that the transformation of technogenic accumulations (their self-structuring and "completion") is a constructive phenomenon that could serve as a natural laboratory for monitoring the processes of structural-textural element formation in loose media. The practical significance of this research lies in utilizing the classification of structural neoformations within technogenic accumulations as a criterion to assess their assimilation potential and suitability for economic development. This classification provides essential geomechanical parameters necessary for forecasting slope stability and minimizing collapse risks in open-pit mining.

In two craters near Emmerting, three major processes which variably affected the original pebbles are documented in the following order: 1. Deposition of hot material which solidified to glass (usually thin and transparent) or reacted with carbonate to form expanded “pumice” on the surface of pebbles. 2. Ductile deformation of variable intensity (with limited fragile deformation but intense fracturing of mineral grains), using older as well as newly formed discontinuities; in some cases this deformation is consistent with extreme strain, rendering a human-induced origin highly improbable. The largely ductile character of deformation points to a high temperature, but it was not necessarily accompanied by melting. 3. Solidification of melts generated within pebbles or derived from secondary projectiles. These disequilibrium melts were hot enough to have very low viscosity (in some cases, they may have also been injected by high pressure/strain, or sucked in), which enabled them to fill even thin fractures in individual mineral grains; gas expansion also formed extrusions resembling miniature volcanic features on the surface of some pebbles. In some zircon grains baddeleyite was observed, probably formed by shock metamorphism. However, no additional evidence was found to suggest pressures exceeding the threshold typically required for shock-induced melting (~8 Gpa or more). Nevertheless, the energy transformed during repeated mutual collisions may have heated the interior of pebbles sufficiently. Origin of the depression at Grabenstätt-Kaltenbach is unclear, the disequilibrium melting and decarbonization may also be explained by anthropogenic processes.

The study aims to characterize the modern morphodynamics in the quarries of crystalline rocks of the Middle Pobuzhzhia (Hnivanskyi, Sabarivskyi, and Novosyniavskyi quarries). General geographical and geomorphological research methods were used. General geographical methods include cartographic and remote sensing, while geomorphological methods involve morphographics, morphometrics, and morphodynamics. In the granite quarries of Middle Pobuzhzhia, we can identify both major and minor anthropogenic processes. The major processes shape the primary elements and forms of the relief in the quarries and dumps, while the minor processes add complexity to the structure of the anthropogenic relief. The main anthropogenic processes include: 1) blasting operations in quarries; 2) selection of crushed rock by excavators; 3) formation of overburden ledges; 4) formation of hydraulic dumps and dams; 5) filling of overburden dumps; 6) dumping within processing plants; 7) formation and modification of quarry roads. Anthropogenic processes are mainly represented by two groups of processes: gravity and water erosion. Gravity processes are common on quarry walls and embankment slopes. These processes include collapses, landslides, and slumps, primarily on hard crystalline rock layer, and landslides on loose bedrock layer. Water erosion processes are represented by linear and planar erosion. They are common in the upper parts of quarry walls, where the ledges of loose overburden are exposed, and on the slopes of overburden dumps and processing plants. Planar erosion can be in the form of total and small-scale flushing and accumulation at the foot of ledges and slopes of embankments. Linear erosion consists of the formation of gullies and small ravines, rather short with a significant slope of the longitudinal profile. For the first time, the main and secondary anthropogenic geomorphological processes for mining areas are identified and characterized. Anthropogenic processes in crystalline rock quarries were studied based on our field research, . For the first time, modern geomorphological processes in the quarries of the Middle Pobuzhzhia were examined from a regional perspective. The practical significance of the research is that its results can serve as a basis for predicting anthropogenic and anthropogenically determined processes within quarries.

The purpose of the research is differentiation of recent geodynamic processes within the Carpathian Mountains on the basis of freely available GNSS data. Methodology. The methodology included GNSS data collection, processing and analysis. An algorithm for processing was proposed, which consisted of 5 main stages: transformation of data into an internal format, verification of time series for compliance with requirements, determination of horizontal velocities, division of the GNSS network into triangles, and determination of deformation parameters. Results. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of recent geodynamic processes based on GNSS data freely available from the Nevada Geological Survey. Taking into account the requirements for time series, 50 GNSS stations were selected and processed. In general, absolute and regional velocities were obtained and analysed during 2000–2023. Regional velocities of horizontal movements were used to calculate the deformation tensor and deformation parameters. The results of the study are consistent and correlate well with the studies of other scientists. The obtained results confirm the presence of active geodynamic processes within the Carpathians. Originality. The proposed approach made it possible to estimate the main deformation parameters (value and direction of deformation axes, total shear and dilation) within the Carpathian Mountains. This makes it possible to analyse and predict recent geodynamic processes in the region. Practical significance. On the basis of the calculated values, maps of the distribution of vectors of absolute and regional horizontal velocities, total shear rates, dilatation rates, and rotation rates were constructed.

The main objective of our research is to: 1) conduct a correlation analysis of the relationship between geoid heights and topographic heights in the modern era using calculated moving correlation coefficients (MCC); 2) extrapolate the obtained correlation model to past geological epochs and determine the paleogeoid using known surface heights derived from paleoDEM continental reconstruction models (Scotese and Wright, 2018); 3) perform calculations of changes in "True Polar Wander" (TPW) based on the obtained paleogeoid height data sets resulting from the movement of lithospheric plates. Methodology. To investigate the correlation between geoid heights and lithospheric surface heights, data for 1ºx1º trapezoids from the EGM2008 model, topographic heights from ETOPO1, and paleoDEM paleoreconstruction models were used. The center of the moving window was shifted by 1º in both latitude and longitude within grids of 3ºx3º and 9ºx9º, reflecting the global nature of the correlation and mitigating local variations. By extrapolating the modern correlation model to past geological epochs, we investigate the dynamic paleogeographic evolution and its impact on the geoid structure. To study the dynamics of changes in the Earth's lithospheric shape, paleogeoid heights, and pole position, the concept of approximating their surfaces with a semi-parameterized biaxial ellipsoid was used. Results. Based on the calculated MCC values, a map of the correlation between geoid heights and topographic heights for the modern era was constructed. We conducted a detailed correlation analysis for different epochs – 200, 400, and 540 million years ago, as well as for intervals from the modern era to 540 million years ago, in 5 million-year steps, using paleogeoid models. This analysis was used to hypothesize about the secular movement of the Earth's rotational poles and the associated dynamics of the lithosphere. Scientific Novelty. The modeling of paleogeoid heights was performed for further assessment of the Earth's pole displacement. We also discuss the impact of gravitational and rotational forces on the internal structure of the Earth, from the lithosphere to the inner core, suggesting cyclic geodynamic instability manifested as secular variations in the Earth's shape and gravitational field. Our conclusions indicate a subtle understanding of the relationship between tectonic activity and paleogeoid anomalies, suggesting minimal direct influence of lithospheric plate movements on geoid height changes, but significant indirect influence through mantle convection over geological time. Practical significance. This study not only provides deeper insight into the historical configuration of the Earth's geoid and continents but also enhances our understanding of the dynamic processes shaping the current and future geodynamic evolution of the planet.

Knowledge of Ukraine`s geomagnetic field is based on magnetic surveys of the geomagnetic field induction module B and its power and angular components, as well as on observations or calculations of their anomalous values. The article describes the methods for constructing a digital map of the induction module of the geomagnetic field B. The map of module B for the epoch of 1969.5 is developed, which is the ground to create the maps of module B and its anomalies ΔB for an arbitrary epoch. The results of the ground absolute magnetic survey of 1969-1972, the analytical model of the main geomagnetic field BIGRF, as well as the map of the anomalous magnetic field on a scale of 1: 1,000,000 were used to construct the map of the geomagnetic field induction module B. The digital map of the module and anomalies of the geomagnetic field induction module B for the 1969.5 epoch was obtained by calculating the correction based on their difference values at the points of the absolute reference network. It was spread by interpolation according to the 1x1km matrix to the entire data array for the territory of Ukraine. The geomagnetic field induction module B for the 2005.5 epoch was calculated by adding to its values in the 1969.5 epoch the calculated values of the field dynamics ВIGRF and the "magnetizing" effect of anomalies of the induction module ΔΔB. The developed map is an approximate representation of the magnetic field modulus, since the amount of remanent magnetization was not taken into account during the calculation, which may cause minor deviations of the calculated and observed field values. The induction module of the geomagnetic field B in the epoch of 1969.5 varies in the range of 46,500÷62,000 nT, and in the epoch of 2005.5 ‒ 47,000÷63000 nT, increasing from the southwest to the northeast of the territory of Ukraine. Its maximum values are observed in the areas of regional and local magnetic anomalies, in particular in the area of the Kryvyi Rih-Kremenchuk anomalous strip and the southeastern edge of the Kursk anomaly. The dynamics of the BIGRF field for the period of 1969.5÷2005.5 is characterized by values from 700 nT in the east of the territory of Ukraine to 950 nT in the west, and the magnitude of the magnetizing effect ΔΔB varies within ±10 nT, reaching maximum values (up to 100-190 nT) in the regions of intense magnetic anomalies. The digital map of the geomagnetic field induction module B, developed in 2005.5, has been verified. This was done by measuring the values of module B in the magnetic observatories of Kyiv, L’viv, and Odesa, as well as in the Repeat Stations of the Ist and IInd classes. The results showed that there was only a small difference (-20 ÷ 40 nT) between the calculated and measured values of modulus B. Their most significant differences are spatially correlated with areas of modern activation of the Earth's crust on the territory of Ukraine and electrical conductivity anomalies.

The Apsheron field area presents the most promising prospect within the Shallow Water Transition Zone of the Apsheron archipelago across all potential reservoir levels. This assessment aims to identify the exploration potential of the area and the associated new business opportunities. The region encompasses water depths ranging from 10 to 20 meters. Methodologically, we utilized available new seismic data, evaluated reference well data, and considered other geological factors within the Petrel program. Individual recoverable resource volumes per reservoir layer were calculated using the Monte Carlo program. The total consolidated resource volume of the Productive Series in the entire Bank-Apsheron area is 80.3 million barrels (MMBBL). Additionally, the consolidated resource volumes for the Mesozoic across the entire Bank-Apsheron area amount to 21.4 MMBBL. Specifically, the Gosha Dash area accounts for 16.1 MMBBL of the consolidated resource volumes. Notably, this area remains undrilled. The Gosha Dash structure is viewed as a potential target for field extension, contributing to the remaining exploration potential of Bank-Apsheron and West-Apsheron. The Mesozoic deposit within this area has been identified via 2D seismic data at approximately 2000 meters depth. Consequently, this section of the structure is not categorized solely for exploration purposes but also serves as an appraisal and development target for future wells.

The theory of mantle convection currents as the cause of lithospheric plate movements has several major problems, including the absence of an adequate energy source. As shown in our previous contribution, an unbiased interpretation of geochemical data does not support the assumptions of a significant amount of radionuclides in the lower mantle or even in the core. It is our assertion that solar radiation is the primary energy source in the lithosphere. This energy is converted into mechanical energy via thermoelastic waves, even in depths with minimal temperature fluctuations. This has been confirmed by various methods of continuous stress measurement. The periodic and quasiperiodic thermoelastic reversible deformations, such as the circadian and annual cycles (including tidal periods), can also cause irreversible deformations due to the ratcheting mechanism. The 2D model showed that the strength limit is exceeded in 0.3 % of all diurnal cycles during the year. As a consequence, continents tend to extend while the oceanic lithosphere is pushed and overthrusted between continents. The middle-ocean ridges, similar to continental rifts, are filled by ascending magma which is one example of the ratcheting mechanism. The final plate movements are determined by the distribution of major continents and the overall westward drift of the lithosphere, which is slower for deep-rooted plates like the Indian one. Large asteroid impacts are important triggers (and possibly significant energy sources) of discrete events, like the formation of hotspots and large igneous provinces.