Fever is an important symptom in pediatric ear, nose, and throat (ENT) infections. The current German S3 guideline, "Fever Management in Children and Adolescents," addresses the management of acute fever in otherwise healthy children and adolescents in an outpatient setting. The aim of this article is to summarize the key statements of the S3 guideline on fever management and to assess their practical relevance to the field. The focus is on clinical assessment, temperature measurement, symptom-oriented therapy, parental counseling, and rational antibiotic use. Anarrative review was conducted based on the current "Fever management in children and adolescents" S3 guideline from the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF), with particular consideration of ENT-relevant clinical situations and related topics such as earache, sore throat, and rhinosinusitis. The assessment of feverish children depends not only on temperature readings, but above all on their general condition, warning signs, and clinical context. In children over 1year of age, tympanic temperature measurement is considered sufficiently accurate in most cases, while axillary measurement is not recommended for reliable temperature determination. When fever is rising, with cold hands and feet or shivers, children and youths should be cared for and covered according to their need for warmth. Antipyretics can be used to alleviate discomfort and pain-not solely to lower the temperature. They are not suitable for preventing febrile seizures. Antibiotics should be prescribed restrictively, rationally, and in accordance with guidelines, as fever itself is not an indication for antibiotics. These recommendations support astructured, cautious, and safety-oriented approach to febrile children. In addition to recognizing warning constellations, clear caregiver counselling, symptom-based treatment, and consistent antibiotic stewardship are key elements of care.

In light of increasing remission and 5‑year survival rates, prevention-orientated follow-up care of patients after head and neck cancer is becoming increasingly relevant. In addition to oncologic surveillance, measures aimed at preventing recurrent, second primaries, and long-term functional sequalae are gaining importance. The aim of this review is to analyze preventive strategies in the follow-up care of patients with head and neck cancer. Anarrative literature review was conducted in PubMed, focusing on prevention-oriented follow-up care in head and neck cancer. In addition, national and international guidelines (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany, AWMF; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, NCCN) were considered. Structured follow-up programs enable early detection of local recurrences and treatment-associated secondary neoplasms. Molecular approaches such as liquid biopsy offer promising perspectives for individualized, risk-adapted follow-up care but require further prospective validation. Lifestyle interventions, particularly smoking and alcohol cessation, are associated with areduction in the risk of recurrence and second primary tumors. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination exerts apreventive effect within the framework of primary prevention of HPV-associated tumors. Early functional rehabilitation in the domains of voice, swallowing, nutrition, and mobility substantially contributes to the prevention of persistent functional deficits. Structured interdisciplinary follow-up care enables early detection of recurrence and improves functional outcomes as well as quality of life. However, innovative approaches require further clinical validation.

Facelift surgery has evolved from superficial skin excisions to anatomically guided reconstruction of the deep facial and cervical layers. Modern deep-plane, extended deep-plane, and deep-neck techniques address the functional superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS)-platysma unit, the retaining ligaments, and deep cervical structures. Preservation-based approaches, the crevasse technique, and recent endoscopic modalities emphasize structural integrity and natural vector repositioning. This article reviews the historical evolution of facelift, the anatomical principles, classical and contemporary techniques, and the newest modifications and emerging innovations, outlining future directions in cervicofacial rejuvenation.

The Mainz Audiometric Test for Children (MATCH) was originally developed for children aged 3-7years and validated in quiet conditions. The present study aimed to extend the MATCH to testing in noise, to establish normative data, and to validate the test under these conditions. Atotal of 103 children aged 3years and 3months to 7years and 7months participated, including 76with normal hearing and 27with ahearing impairment. Recruitment took place via local kindergartens (mainly normal-hearing children) and the Department of Phoniatry and Pediatric Audiology at the University Medical Center Mainz (mainly hearing-impaired children). To account for age-specific differences, children were divided into three groups: (1) < 4.5years (n = 28), (2)4.5-5.5years (n = 35), (3) > 5.5years (n = 40). Testing was performed monaurally using atouchscreen-based picture-pointing task, with adaptive determination of the speech reception threshold (SRT) in noise. The SRTs improved with age: -4.6 dB SNR (< 4.5years), -7.4 dB SNR (4.5-5.5years), and -9.3 dB SNR (> 5.5years) at 71.4% speech intelligibility. The slope of the psychometric functions increased with age, while variability and test duration decreased. Test-retest reliability was high (r = 0.84), and results correlated significantly with pure-tone audiometry (r = 0.75). The MATCH in noise is areliable and child-appropriate tool for assessing speech reception thresholds as early as preschool age. It addresses amethodological gap in existing procedures, which typically provide valid results only from school age onwards, and enables early and differentiated evaluation of hearing aid outcomes in children with hearing impairment.

This study investigates the relationship between hearing loss and cognitive decline in elderly people living in care facilities in the greater Hanover area. Hearing loss was assessed using pure-tone and speech audiograms, while cognitive decline was assessed using the mini-mental status test (MMST) and the clock-drawing test. Afollow-up examination was carried out on 38participants after 1year. The data suggest atendency toward residents with poorer hearing exhibiting afaster rate of cognitive decline. These results emphasize the importance of treating hearing impairment in elderly care to mitigate cognitive decline and the progression of possible dementia.

HintergrundStrukturierte mündliche Prüfungen (SMP) sind ein valides Instrument zur Abbildung von Handlungs- und Begründungswissen (Stufe 2). Sie schließen die Lücke zwischen schriftlichen Formaten (Faktenwissen, Stufe 1) und praktischen Formaten wie „objective structured clinical evaluation“ (OSCE; Handlungskompetenz, ab Stufe 3). Durch standardisierte Fallvignetten, Checklisten und definierte Bewertungsmaßstäbe bieten SMP Potenzial für Objektivität, Reliabilität und Vergleichbarkeit.ZielAm Beispiel der Reintonaudiometrie (RTA) und Rhinomanometrie (RMM) wurden Durchführbarkeit, Bewertungsgüte (interne Konsistenz, Trennschärfen, Faktorenanalyse) und Prüfer:inneneffekte einer SMP gemäß Kompetenzstufe 2 des Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs Medizin (NKLM) untersucht.Material und MethodenIm curricularen Unterricht wurden RTA (n = 217) und RMM (n = 190) vermittelt und anschließend in einer SMP geprüft. Bewertet wurden 5 Kategorien (Benennung, Durchführung, Beschreibung, Interpretation, Differenzialdiagnose; maximal 27 Punkte) mit Abzügen bei Hilfestellungen. Acht ärztliche Prüfer:innen führten die Prüfungen im 1:1-Setting durch. Neben deskriptiver Statistik erfolgte eine einfaktorielle ANOVA („analysis of variance“) zur Analyse von Prüferunterschieden.ErgebnisseDie mittlere Gesamtpunktzahl betrug 25,20 ± 1,94 (RTA) bzw. 24,84 ± 1,94 (RMM). Höchste Werte zeigten Benennung und Durchführung, niedrigste Werte fanden sich für Beschreibung (RTA) bzw. Interpretation (RMM). Für die RTA ergaben sich signifikante Prüferunterschiede (p = 0,001), für die RMM keine (p = 0,078).SchlussfolgerungDie SMP erwies sich als praktikables und reliables Format zur Abbildung von Handlungs- und Begründungswissen. Der Nachweis einzelner Prüferunterschiede verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit von Prüfer:innenschulungen, Kalibrierung und standardisierten Instrumenten. Damit kann die SMP wesentlich zur Umsetzung kompetenzorientierter Prüfungen im Medizinstudium beitragen.