Abstract Brain tumors remain among the most aggressive neurological disorders, where diagnostic delays can critically impact survival outcomes. Accurate detection relies heavily on neuroimaging, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offering high soft-tissue contrast and computed tomography (CT) providing superior detection of calcifications, hemorrhage, and bone involvement. This survey systematically examines numerous studies published between 2022 and 2025 on MRI-based, CT-based, and multimodal fusion approaches for brain tumor classification. The analysis spans methodological advances in convolutional neural networks (CNNs), attention mechanisms, transformer-based architectures, and quantum or quantum-inspired designs, with emphasis on lightweight, interpretable models suitable for clinical deployment. Comparative study highlights that integrating CT and MRI—via early, late, or attention-driven fusion—consistently improves diagnostic accuracy and robustness over singlemodality approaches. However, current fusion strategies often face trade-offs between computational efficiency and interpretability. The synthesis identifies a pressing need for low-latency, hardware-friendly fusion architectures that retain high performance and generalizability, thereby supporting wider adoption in hospital settings and improving timely clinical decision-making.

Abstract We present a case demonstrating the potential of radioembolization with Ho-166-labelled microparticles as an effective bridging therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a 70-year-old male patient with liver cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation. The patient received a calculated dose of 3 GBq of Ho-166 microspheres, which were selectively administered intra-arterially to the target area during the radioembolization procedure. Post-treatment dosimetry revealed an average tumor absorbed dose of 332 Gy. Contrast-enhanced CT scan performed one month later revealed a necrotic, non-enhancing area at the tumor site, indicating a complete response. The patient successfully underwent liver transplantation 2.5 months after radioembolization. This case suggests that Ho-166 radioembolization is a promising locoregional therapy for HCC, particularly for patients requiring a bridging approach to transplantation.

Abstract Cysts of Hattori, also known as posterior mediastinal paravertebral Müllerian cysts, are very rare mediastinal lesions of Müllerian origin, first described by Hattori in 2005. We report a case of a 52-year-old female patient with an incidental posterior mediastinal finding detected on a slightly abnormal chest X-ray. Further imaging revealed a cystic appearance on CT, T1 hypointensity, and T2 hyperintensity on MRI. Robotic-assisted surgical excision was performed, and histological analysis confirmed Müllerian origin, establishing the definitive diagnosis of a cyst of Hattori. Mediastinal cysts are often misdiagnosed preoperatively, but increased awareness may aid in recognizing these cysts as a differential diagnosis, particularly in middle-aged females.

Abstract Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis is a skeletal dysplasia that presents a variety of clinical symptoms along with typical radiological characteristics. While there are a number of distinct skeletal dysplasias to take into account when making a differential diagnosis for osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis, none of them exhibit the simultaneous calvarial thickening and longitudinal striations of the long bones as the aforementioned disease. Here we report a rare case of a 25-year-old male patient who suffered from cranial nerve deficiencies due to encroachment of the neural canals by sclerosis with involvement of the optic and acoustic nerves. This paper demonstrates the process of investigating a rare progressive genetic disease and highlights the differential diagnostic considerations. This case teaches us the radiological characteristics of osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis and displays current imaging techniques. The article also summarizes the diseases with cranial sclerosis and sclerotic metaphyseal striations.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on portal and hepatic vein hemodynamics using Doppler ultrasound. Methodology This was a case-control study conducted at Radiology Department of --- for the duration of 9 months. Inclusion criteria: Patients of both genders with age group of 25–80 years were included. Patients with elevated liver enzymes. In case group patients with fatty liver disease and in control group patients with no ultrasound findings of fatty liver disease were included. Exclusion criteria: Patients with ascites, history of Hepatitis, CLD and any liver mass were excluded from this study. Results In the study involving 110 participants, the mean age was 54.8 ± 11.6 years. NAFLD patients had a significantly lower mean portal vein peak systolic velocity (PSV) 20.49 ± 35.65 compared to those without NAFLD with a significant p -value of 0.000. Hepatic artery resistive index (RI) was higher in NAFLD patients 0.82 ± 0.63 compared to non-NAFLD, indicating increased vascular resistance associated with NAFLD. The mean portal vein peak systolic velocity (PSV) for NAFLD patients decreases with increasing NAFLD severity. Similarly, the mean hepatic artery resistive index (RI) increases with NAFLD severity. Conclusion Study concluded that there is a significant correlation between portal vein PSV and hepatic artery RI with NAFLD. NAFLD patients had a significantly lower mean portal vein peak systolic velocity and hepatic artery resistive index was higher in NAFLD patients compared to non-NAFLD.

Abstract Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, an uncommon inflammatory disease characterized by xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the gallbladder with intramural hypoattenuating nodules, accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, acute and chronic inflammatory cells, may be difficult to differentiate from malignancy, both on imaging and pathologically.

Abstract Scaphocephaly, also called sagittal synostosis, is the most common form of craniosynostosis characterized by premature fusion of the sagittal suture. Tentorium cerebelli hypoplasia, a rare developmental anomaly, involves underdevelopment of the structure that separates the supratentorial and infratentorial spaces of the brain. Although both diseases have been reported individually, their simultaneous occurrence has not been documented in the literature.A 37-year-old female patient presented to the traumatology department after a minor car accident. A CT scan of the head and neck revealed no traumatic injuries but incidentally discovered scaphocephaly and bilateral tentorium cerebelli hypoplasia. The rostral portion of the tentorium cerebelli was absent on both sides, with the cuneus protruding into the quadrigeminal cistern on both sides, more visible on the right side. The patient did not exhibit any neurological deficits or symptoms typically associated with these disorders.Scaphocephaly is known to result from premature closure of cranial sutures, often leading to increased intracranial pressure, developmental delays, and cognitive impairment. Although rare, tentorium cerebelli hypoplasia is associated with symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and seizures. The co-occurrence of these disorders may indicate a common developmental pathway, although further research is needed to confirm this.This case represents a unique combination of scaphocephaly and bilateral tentorium cerebelli hypoplasia revealed incidentally in an asymptomatic patient. It highlights the potential for variability in clinical presentation and the importance of imaging in identifying such developmental anomalies. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship and clinical significance of these two diseases.

Abstract ObjectivesThe objectives of study were to determine the most reliable umbilical artery (UA) Doppler sampling location for detecting fetal growth restriction (FGR) and compare indices between growth-restricted and adequate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses.MethodsUA Doppler was done in 55 pregnant women with FGR and 120 with AGA and indices were recorded at three locations including fetal end, free-floating portion (FFL) and placental end (PE). Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis was performed to find out the accuracy of the Doppler indices for detecting FGR. Measurements at three portions of UA were compared with each other using repeated measures ANOVA in normal pregnancies.ResultsThe sensitivity for differentiating AGA from FGR using pulsatility index (PI) was the same (94.5%) at all three locations. The specificity was highest at fetal end (FE) using PI values (99.2%) as well as for systolic to diastolic (S/D) ratio (100%). Likewise, sensitivity and specificity both were highest (89.1% and 99.2% respectively) at FE when resistive index (RI) was used for this differentiation.ConclusionAlthough UA Doppler is a well-known non-invasive method used for investigating fetoplacental circulation, indices taken at fetal-end of UA are more reliable in diagnosing cases of FGR which might be due to it being a fixed site.