The views of thinkers regarding the paths to achieving socialism vary. Some emphasize the revolutionary path, while others propose different approaches. Some believe that history itself plays this role, guiding society towards socialism. However, others, such as the revisionists, believe that achieving socialism should be through peaceful means, reform, and the use of democratic and parliamentary tools. As a revisionist thinker, Bernstein believed that humans are active, history-making characters, and therefore it is humanity that should guide society towards socialism, not history itself. Bernstein also reviewed many of Marx's ideas, placing the role of economics alongside other factors. He did not believe that only surplus value and capital accumulation played a role in the nature and survival or collapse of capitalism. Instead, he argued that other factors, such as the diversity of goods and the type of production, also play a role. Therefore, he did not believe in the theory of the final crisis of capitalism, and he thought that capitalism could adapt to developments and changes, overcome crises, and survive. The survival of capitalism, he argued, requires us to strive to secure the rights of the proletariat through reform, trade union struggles, and parliamentary means, and to transform state institutions towards the achievement of socialism. This is because Bernstein did not believe that the state was a biased institution serving only capitalism; rather, he believed that the state was neutral and could be put at the service of the proletariat and the struggles of socialist movements. He also believed that within the framework of the state, we could secure the freedoms of the proletariat, and by gaining a parliamentary majority, we could enact laws that serve the rights of workers.

Abstract: The issue of national security policy is given great importance to states as a high policy of the country. Iran has given great importance to national security policy since the Islamic Revolution in 1979. However, Iran as an Islamic republic in the region has its own ideology. It has led to a different policy. Therefore, the search for the intellectual principles on which the ideology is based and theorizing them so that they can be implemented as real principles and become the basis of governance better shows the vague aspects of Iran’s national security policy. The aim of this study is to answer the main question; What are the intellectual and realistic principles of Iran’s national security policy since the 1979 Islamic Revolution? The study attempts to reach a conclusion about the directions of Iran’s national security policy after the Islamic Revolution and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran by analyzing and giving examples of the intellectual and realistic principles that became the basis of governance.

The Strait of Hormuz is one of the most important straits in the world, which has a great geopolitical, economic and strategic position at the regional and international levels. In particular, the (Ronald Reagan) administration paid more attention to this strait, which in this study, the mechanisms of US attention to the strait and its factors will be explained there is American industry and even on American national security, which is what has made it a global waterway. Because of its importance, the Strait of Hormuz has received several other titles worldwide, including the Strategic Strait, the International Security Gateway, the International Oil Corridor and the Energy Corridor.

Federalism is built in Iraqi based on the Iraqi permament constitution of (2005). Additionally, the Iraqi constitution recognizes those regions established in accordance with its provitions. However, many exsternal and internal obstacles exist to form regions in Iraq. Internally there are constitutional, legislative, political, economic and social barriers, and externally there are regional and international factors.

The aim of this research is to demonstrate the current level of Kurdish media’s commitment to legal and ethical responsibilities while covering crime news. By employing analytical methodologies, an examination has been conducted on instances of crime news coverage within the context of Kurdish new media, alongside an exploration of legal documents, texts and provisions pertaining to the editorial accountability surrounding the dissemination of crime-related news and its treatment within judicial frameworks. This research has reached several conclusions: Kurdish new media has violated the core principle of “the accused is innocent until proven guilty”. Sometimes, Kurdish media act as a quasi-court, irresponsibly covering crime news and portraying the accused as guilty without sufficient evidence. Moreover, in the context of Kurdish new media, crime news has often been handled irresponsibly, with illogical portrayals of the crimes, and at times, the guilty and the accused are depicted as heroes in the new media channels.

Different directions of realism theory, as the most prominent theory for studying issues and international relations, are close in several hypotheses and general lines, but when coming to details, they are different. This study examines international questions and environmental issues in particular in terms of these theoretical directions. In general, realistic theories agree on the hypothesis that international issues can be classified into high politics and low politics. But because in today’s world, the dangers and consequences of environmental pollution on international and world security have considerably increased, for this study, main question is that is environment in the perspectives of different directions of realism theory still a minor issue or has its role and position to become a key issue risen, or is it possible to rise? By relying on reliable sources and using each of deductive method, qualitative method and case studies, efforts have been made to investigate and address this scientific question. In order to achieve the goals and giving attention to the cause and the major problem, the study is divided into two main sections, each section includes accurate enquiries. Finally, the study positively proves its hypothesis, which in the perspective of realism theories, issues related to national interest and security are placed at the top of high issues pyramid, while environmental issues are given less importance by the state and international actors. However, at the same time, some differences in the understanding of realism theories are noticed, particularly in defensive realism, which claims that environment should be dealt with as an important subject in some places and stages of time, yet the offensive realism is the most pessimistic one in this aspect.

In order to accomplish the goal of democratization, government public relations should be engaged. Public Relations (PR) makes the government more open, transparent, and proactive with public requirements. The majority of studies focused on procedures and techniques used in the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), ignoring the conceptual framework when dealing with government public relations. This study deals with the theoretical framework of government PR by evaluating the available literature as a standard guide for government PR and providing a conceptual foundation for another study to investigate the difficulty of KRG PR. This study developed a model comprised of significant ideas for assessing government public relations from the fields of policies, interaction, and government operations. This study also suggests that future research implements this model to evaluate government PR, and it is useful for public relations practitioners in government organizations.

Charismatic leadership is one of the political leadership patterns, and it is a key variable in building and dismantling political systems. The relationship of the charismatic leadership with the political system differs according to the charismatic leader's orientations and policies towards the political system. Inspirational charismatic leadership - moral charisma - plays a positive role in building the political system and institutions, and contributes to building and consolidating a pluralistic democratic political system. While the arrogant, charismatic leadership - the immoral charisma - which overrides the private interest of it and its clique contributes to the consolidation of totalitarian political systems through the personalization of the political system and institutions and the preference for the policy of force and violence over other policies, the charismatic leadership model (Abdul Karim Qasim) represents a type of charismatic leadership with an orientation military , who played a key role in consolidating a semi-totalitarian political system in Iraq during his rule between (1958-1963). This system is ended through a mock trial in which Qasim was accused of treason and sentenced to death. Thus, the way was paved for a totalitarian political system in Iraq that was more violent and harsh at the hands of a group of nationalists and Baathists representing a charismatic and arrogant leadership.

The paper aims to investigate the impacts and relationships between the nature of emerging political parties and the problem of institutional weakness in the Kurdistan Region. It seeks to understand how political parties that have emerged from non-democratic systems perceive and interact with political institutions, and how this influences the process of institutionalization in the future. It argues that emerging political parties tend to have a negative impact on the institutionalization. Unlike previous studies, this one emphasizes the importance of the political environment of emerging political parties and their perceptions towards political institutions, rather than solely analyzing party systems. Through a desk study and analysis of literature on political parties, institutionalization criteria by Samuel Huntington, and a comparative approach, the article concludes that in developing countries and governments such as the Kurdistan Region, political parties that emerge from totalitarian environments often view themselves as superior and stronger than political institutions when they take control and assume power. This leads to abnormal relationships between the parties and weakens the institutionalization process. The study highlights the need for effective political will to address this complex situation.

Jean Baudrillard (1929-2007) is one of the most famous contemporary French social theorists and culturologist, and contemporary social thought is inseparable from the works of this French thinker, who had a significant impact on the emergence of postmodern thought. . After the events of September 11, 2001 (9/11), the phenomenon of terrorism became one of the main philosophical-political theses of this thinker. And hence a kind of terrorism emerged, which became a phenomenon and laid the foundation for the political thought of Jean Baudrillard to read the political situation of the world. In this research, we emphasize that the attack on the two towers in Manhattan, New York, was to destroy the global political and economic power that supervised all global economic and political movements. Therefore, the understandings of Jean Baudrillard's views are based on a philosophical-political foundation, where political and ideological aspects are discussed in such a way that opens the door to understanding the political worldview of this French thinker on the phenomenon of terrorism and Western globalization. Today many ask why there should be terrorists activities? What do the terrorists want from the West? Baudrillard's studies of terrorism, which are part of his political thought, may be a good path to answering these questions. Because in Baudrillard's political thought, terrorism is a phenomenon that is analyzed and through it he analyzes the world. Another aspect of Baudrillard's political thought on terrorism suggests that globalization itself is largely responsible for injustices and terrorist attacks. Therefore, this research shows the importance given to the phenomenon of terrorism after the events of September 11 in Baudrillard's political thought as an analysis of the world that has two main objectives. The first objective is to work on Baudrillard's analysis of this type of terrorism. The second is that another type of terrorism is being discussed, which Western globalization discourse hides at its heart.