The article analyzes the development of the metaphysical approach from Pythagoras to Leibniz and Mach. The general trend in the views of these great thinkers on the foundations and structure of the surrounding world is discussed.

This article provides information on three long-running debates about the nature of space-time, corresponding to the three components of the relational paradigm in physics: the relational concept of space-time, the description of interactions within the concept of action at a distance, and the recognition of Mach’s principle. Finally, a justification for these components is offered within the framework of a metarelational paradigm, corresponding to ideas previously expressed by a number of physicists, mathematicians, and philosophers.

The article presents the results of the most significant theoretical and experimental works in the field of using electromagnetic high-frequency waves in the marine environment, published in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The main characteristics of wave propagation, observed effects, and recommendations for the development and design of effective underwater antennas are briefly described.

This paper analyzes the potential of the axiomatic method and metaphysical approach for the subsequent development of physical concepts. The advantages of the metaphysical approach over the axiomatic one are discussed.

In classical mechanics, the motion of a body is characterized by scalar and vector measures of motion. The scalar measure of motion is kinetic energy, the vector measure is momentum. Both of these measures obey the conservation law. In the theory of relativity, a formula is derived that gives the relationship between the mass of a body and its energy ( E = mc 2 ). This formula fits the value of the kinetic energy of a moving body, but there is still no answer to the question of how to interpret the energy, which is equivalent to the mass of a body at rest, i.e. when m = m0 . An attempt to answer it led the author to the conclusion that in the energy balance of a physical body one must take into account its external and internal energy, which, in turn, should be seen as a combination of kinetic and potential energy. To draw such a conclusion, we had to turn to the analysis of Newton’s law of inertia, and then to its generalization based on the study of the phenomenon of red shift of electromagnetic radiation in astrophysics. The article describes a quantum approach to the phenomenon of redshift in the spectra of galaxies, and then this approach is complemented by conclusions that follow from the two-spin interpretation of the solution to the quantum relativistic Dirac equation, which describes the free motion of an electron. Among the fundamental results is a new, unorthodox approach to constructing a cosmological picture of the world.

The article is devoted to the methodological aspects of the study of social evolution, attention is paid to the development of methods for the analysis/forecast of complex anthropogenic situations, the dynamics of the scientific apparatus, transdisciplinary transfer and the development of cognitive tools. We are used to dealing with the experience of past situations, packaged in an educational narrative and technological practice. However, the complication of the anthropo-cosmos, its globalization, diversification, and other forms of reorganization stimulate the transformation of the knowledge environment. Humanity, passing through the bottleneck of civilizational transit and mastering opportunities, forms a social space where the activity of individuals, groups and communities increases dramatically, multiplying the wealth of available alternatives.

While choosing among the contributions of J. Larmor, H.A. Lorentz, H. Poincaré, A. Einstein and D. Hilbert, different researchers solve the question of authorship separately for the special and general theory of relativity (STR and GTR), as well as not always resort for this to solving the question of priority. Having shown this, the present article subsumes these dispersed suggestions under more general strategies of solving the question of authorship of scientific theories, and argues that its link with solving the question of priority is determined by the relationships between the units of content used by various scientists.

Fine’s “Essence and Modality” has prompted a revival of Aristotelian approaches to metaphysical modality. But what does it have to say about more ordinary modal facts: that this car can doo 100 mph, while that one can’t; that I must sneeze now; or that a particular vase can break? I consider two strategies, borrowed from Fine’s “Varieties of Necessity”: relativization and restriction. I argue that the most commonly assumed way for the essentialist to deal with ordinary modality, the relativization strategy, is problematic. I then offer a version of the restriction strategy as an interesting avenue to pursue, one which requires some reinterpretation of the essentialist view of metaphysical modality but which is quite close to the spirit of “Essence and Modality”.

In order to clarify the concept of rationality, it is proposed to distinguish between the meaning of the word in a broad and narrow sense. Scientificity is understood as a fusion of rationality and logic. The science of modern times became possible after the abandonment of peripatetic ideals, focused on the search for final goal-setting, in favor of establishing an efficient cause. Science, based on classical rationality, studies and synthesizes only simple, mechanistic systems characterized by Laplace causality. Classical science perceives an empirical object in the form of a “black box”, functioning on the “stimulus - response” principle and is indifferent to both the nature and internal organization of the object of study. The transition of science to a non-classical type of rationality presupposes the involvement in the sphere of its interests of objects that have the form of a quantum of a complex system.