Ghale-madreseh is the first point that the saline and sulfurous streams flow into Tembi River, one of the well-known saline rivers in Khuzestan province, Iran. This river is one of the main sources of increasing Karun River’s salinity, which is the largest river in Iran in terms of discharge. There are three saline and sulfurous springs (Shour-1, Shour-2m and Namak Springs) as well as a drinkable one (Shireen spring) in Ghale-madreseh region. Normally, most probable number counting of sulfate reducing, sulfur oxidizing and nitrate reducing bacteria showed that there are different patterns of microbial populations in the springs of Ghale-madreseh region. The observed differences are highly attributed to the hydro-geochemical properties of the springs. It is assumed that the groundwater which streams in the Gachsaran formation receives considerable amounts of SO42- (0.09-0.1 M), Na+ (1.654-3.604 M), and Cl- (1-548-3.775 M) by halite and gypsum dissolution, resulting in the saline and sulfurous springs on the Gachsaran formation. Also, due to the low depth of local oil reservoirs, activity of sulfate reducing bacteria in the close vicinity of oil reservoirs and groundwater streams is highly probable. Hence, the microbial sulfate reduction may be responsible for the production of H2S, probably playing a role in the souring of local oil reservoirs. Besides, the groundwater that reaches the Bakhtiary formation shows different characteristics as detected in Shireen spring.

One of the major factors, contributing to the emission of greenhouse gases in the environment is generation of pollutant gases in municipal landfills. As for the design and building of a gas collecting system, it is necessary to properly estimate the amount and type of the landfill emissions. By means of LandGEM model, this study predicts the amount and type of the landfill gases, produced for 30 years (from 2016 to 2045) in Jiroft. Results show that in 2045, 3, 324, 274 tons of waste will be disposed in municipal landfills of Jiroft and the total amount of produced gas, methane, carbon dioxide, and non-methane organic compounds will be 32, 994, 8813, 24,181, and 378.8 tons/year, respectively. Furthermore, the rate of landfill gas emissions from 2016 to 2045 has been achieved. Maximum concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide and non-methane organic compounds in 2045, in 700 meters from landfill, will be 40, 590, 112, 700, and 1765 tons/m3 respectively. Based on the results, obtained from this article, landfill pollutants such as CH4, CO2, and NMOC's can reach up to 15 kilometers from landfill, thus social places should be located farther than 15 kilometers from the landfill site of Jiroft. The results, obtained in this paper, can be used to identify the effect of Jiroft landfill in global emission of greenhouse gases and proper management of the landfill gas not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions, diminishing their effects on public health, but can be also used as a sustainable energy source.

Visual pollution, observed in urban areas, makes human beings suffer indirectly from mental distress and illnesses in long term. We are daily confronted with a variety of advertisement pictures in city squares and review them in our minds. But we may not be aware of the fact that such a visual scramble leads to mind distraction, decreasing mental concentration. The present study applies the techniques of SWOT and QSPM to identify and introduce the most influential factors, related to visual pollution, in internal and external environment of Tehran, comparing the rate of visual pollution in both Vanak and Enghelab squares. Accordingly, in SWOT matrix, strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities in these squares have been investigated and, using Expert Choice, AHP method has been applied to weight them. SWOT as an analytic instrument can be used for evaluation purposes in QSPM system. Finally, using the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), the selected strategies have been prioritized. The results of the study indicate that Vanak Square has an invasive strategy and Enghelab Square, a conservative strategy. Aided by QSPM matrix, the study has offered eight prioritization strategies, introducing the best possible strategy for these squares. Regarding visual pollution, Vanak Square has a better position than Enghelab square.

Water scarcity, its necessity in food production, and environmental protection in the world have forced human beings to seek new water sources. Nowadays, application of unconventional water resources (wastewater) has been proposed in countries facing the crisis of water resources shortage; however, a few studies have dealt with this issue. The present study has evaluated the changes in the elements of the soil, irrigated with wastewater. For so doing, an experiment has been conducted on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples have been collected from the studied regions at two depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm and the studied parameters have included sodium, total calcium, magnesium, some acidity, and electrical conductivity of the soil. Three regions of study (namely no irrigation, irrigation with treated wastewater, and irrigation with river waters) have been taken into consideration. Results have shown increased calcium, magnesium, and pH of the effluent from Zabol Wastewater Treatment Plant compared to the control; however, electrical conductivity and chloride have decreased in wastewater-irrigated soil. The electrical conductivity in the surface layer of wastewater samples, treated with an amount of 2.25 (ds/m), has had the most significant difference to the control and other treatments. It can be concluded that wastewater increases some soil properties, contributing to its restoration.

Chapter 11 of the book concentrates on the health effects of air pollution in the general population at normal ambient levels. It discusses factors to be considered in assessing the extensive literature on health effects and provides a brief summary of the effects on health of particulates, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and carbon monoxide. It also addresses the possible relationship between air pollution and cancer. 103 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

As stated by Dr. Kyle R. Barbehenn, a pest situation is one that degrades the quality of the human environment. Such pest situations are created in the industrial society through neotechnological denudation and destruction of the natural landscape with rapidly increasing speed and extent. As these pest situations do not have immediate discernible effects on human health and, as most of their damages cannot be evaluated in market priced cost/ benefit analyses, they are largely ignored by those who create them.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently engaged in the massive job of reviewing from a nationwide viewpoint State implementation plans for control of pollutions to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards by 1975. Although this task is not yet complete, the trends in technology requirements are clear. It is not suprising to find that flue gas desulfurization will be a key approach to the do-ability of SOx control within the necessary time period and for the next decade.

The increasing pervasiveness of toxic substances in the environment--including metallic compounds and synthetic organic compounds--poses a particular concern for future environmental quality. The nature of specific environmental problems, involving for example heavy metals as the organometallic methyl-mercury and organics as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s) indicates the need for systematic methods aimed at resolving the potential environmental impact of new industrial chemicals prior to full-scale industrial use (1,2). Current environmental legislation reflects this trend and the setting of environmental quality standards in the future can be expected to include this concept (3,4).

This paper proposes a method to enhance the well known heat island effect over large cities. This effect causes warm air to circulate as a closed system, under a low inversion layer, over a city, thereby causing the pollutants to remain essentially entrapped, with a constantly increasing concentration. It is therefore suggested that, as a temporary measure (for the next 10–15 years) the application of additional heat content to a small portion of the interior of such a circulating regime might cause a chimney effect, with a resultant breakthrough in the inversion layer: followed either by a complete breakdown of this layer and the subsequent alleviation of heavy concentration doses by natural mixing; or by a ventilating of the city’s airshed through the artificial “chimney”. It is further proposed that the additional heat necessary to generate this corrective measure should come from a source, the operation of which a.) does not cause additional pollution and b.) can easily be utilized over continental expanses. Specifically, the end results of simplified calculations are presented which show that this problem may have a feasible solution by using a very large dirigible mirror, in stationary orbit. This mirror, since it is dirigible, could be directed at various cities during different hours of the day, and thus might represent an economically attractive proposition, for the attainment of this alleviative treatment.

Australia is a large continental island of almost 3 million square miles in area; it is equivalent in size to the conterminous size of U.S.A. It has control of its coastline of 12,000 miles and its river systems and so no pollution is received from any neighbouring country. It is the driest continent in the world, about one third is desert and the average rainfall is 16.5 inches. Coupled with this low rainfall is a high rate of evaporation. Of the present population of 12.8 million, about 7 million live in the six State capital cities. The cities have, over the last 30 to 40 years, become heavily industrialised and with an Air Pollution Potential in each one equivalent to that of New York they face similar air pollution problems. The cities, apart from the commercial and business areas, are large urban areas composed of single storey houses at a density of four or five to the acre.