Introduction: Research on communal conflict in Maluku has received little attention from researchers in the fields of law and social sciences.Purposes of the Research: This study was conducted to understand communal conflict in Maluku and the role of the police in managing it.Methods of the Research: This study used a qualitative approach, with narrative analysis used for data analysis.Results of the Research: Village boundary disputes and interpersonal conflicts remain the dominant factors influencing the emergence of communal conflict within society. Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, are considered not yet optimal in implementing anticipatory and preventive measures to address the potential escalation of communal conflict. Furthermore, the police intelligence function is viewed as not fully effective in conducting early detection of social frictions and emerging conflict potentials within the community. Communal conflicts have the potential to generate prolonged collective resentment, thereby increasing societal vulnerability to provocation and involvement in communal violence against individuals or groups with whom they have previously been in conflict. In the context of handling customary territorial boundary disputes between the Sawai and Huaulu communities, the police, in collaboration with judicial institutions, have undertaken legal resolution efforts in accordance with applicable procedures and statutory regulations. Nevertheless, segments of the community who perceive themselves as disadvantaged by the legal decisions have not been able to fully accept the outcomes of those rulings. Therefore, the police and other law enforcement institutions need to intensify legal outreach and public legal awareness education, particularly among conflict-prone indigenous communities, regarding disputes over territorial boundaries or customary land.

Introduction: This article will outline how the application of restorative justice in the civil law system, the common law system, and the Indonesian legal system compares.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of the regulation and implementation of restorative justice across three legal systems - civil law, common law, and Indonesia’s hybrid legal system - and to identify best practices and challenges that can inform the development of restorative justice in diverse legal contexts.Methods of the Research: The study uses a normative legal method, combining a legal concept approach to examine the philosophical and ethical foundations of restorative justice with a statutory approach to analyze formal legal mechanisms. This methodology links legal theory with practice while highlighting the integration of normative principles within Indonesia’s socio-cultural context, including Pancasila and customary law.Results of the Research: This study compares restorative justice implementation in civil law, common law, and Indonesia’s legal system. Civil law is rigid and procedural, while common law allows flexible mechanisms such as victim–offender mediation. In Indonesia, despite Supreme Court Rule Number 1 of 2024, challenges include limited understanding among law enforcement, inconsistent application, and insufficient institutional support. Strengthening implementation requires harmonized regulations, professional training, community-based mechanisms rooted in local wisdom and customary law, and public awareness. Indonesia’s model highlights a transformative approach that integrates restorative principles with national values of humanity, justice, and social harmony.

Introduction: With the rapid growth of the digital economy, gig workers, who are generally classified as independent contractors, often do not have adequate legal and social security protections compared to conventional workers.Purposes of the Research: This study presents a comparative analysis of legal protection for gig economy workers in three Southeast Asian countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. The study focuses on the regulatory framework applicable in each country, covering aspects of labor laws as well as various other regulations or policies related to workers' rights and social protection guarantees.Methods of the Research: Normative legal research methods are used to examine policies related to workers in the performing economy sector in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. This approach is used to compare the legal protection provided to these workers in the three countries, by referring to the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations in each country.Results of the Research: The results show that despite differences in regulatory approaches, the three countries still face significant challenges in creating adequate social safety nets. The researcher recommends that harmonization and innovation in labor policies need to be carried out to achieve a balance between work flexibility and the protection of workers' rights. In addition, the development of more inclusive and sustainable regulations in the digital era should also be carried out.

Introduction: The rapid expansion of international franchises into Indonesia creates complex legal dynamics, especially when foreign entities from developed countries such as Singapore face protectionist regulations in developing countries. One of the central issues that reflects this tension is the policy of limiting the number of foreign franchise outlets to a maximum of 250 outlets. These policies create ambiguity in legal norms, threaten legal certainty, and create potential conflicts between domestic market protections and international commitments within the global trade framework.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to examine and analyze legal certainty in cross-border franchise agreements, focusing on the comparison of the legal system between Indonesia and Singapore.Methods of the Research: Normative juridical approaches and comparative methods are used to explore differences in legal structures, the principle of freedom of contract, and the role of the state in regulating franchise schemes in both jurisdictions.Results of the Research: This study found that Singapore, with its minimalist common law approach, provides a high degree of contractual flexibility for business actors. On the contrary, the Indonesian legal system tends to be interventionist but does not fully guarantee legal certainty due to ambiguity of norms and overlapping regulations. Therefore, this study recommends the importance of harmonization of cross-border regulations in supporting the legal certainty of international franchise agreements.

Introduction: The issue of the relationship between international law and national legal policies in developing countries, especially in the context of human rights (HAM), is increasingly relevant in contemporary international law studies. Developing countries often face significant challenges in integrating international human rights standards into their domestic legal systems.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze the influence of international law on national legal policies in developing countries in the context of human rights.Methods of the Research: The method used in this study is the normative legal research method with a literature study approach, which includes an analysis of various national laws and international legal instruments related to human rights. In addition, this study also refers to the results of academic studies, reports from international human rights institutions, and official documents from organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and the National Human Rights Commission. This approach provides a more comprehensive picture of the implementation of international human rights standards in developing countries.Results Main Findings of the Research: The results main findings of the study show that although many developing countries have ratified various international instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, their implementation is often hampered by various domestic factors. Inconsistencies between international obligations and national conditions are major obstacles, exacerbated by political instability, weak state institutions, limited resources, and tensions between international norms and local cultures. In addition, political resistance to the implementation of international human rights policies is also a significant challenge, especially in countries that prioritize political or economic interests over commitment to global human rights standards.

Introduction: This article analyzes the contribution of the doctrine of causality in uncovering deaths resulting from premeditated murder. The doctrine of causality is essentially very important and needed to determine a person's guilt for actions that cause consequences. It is appropriate for the defendant to be processed, prosecuted and sentenced to life imprisonment according to the level of guilt.Purposes of the Research: The aim of this research is to examine more specifically the importance of the doctrine of causality in uncovering someone's death as a result of premeditated murder in Jayapura City and the obstacles.Methods of the Research: The method chosen is normative legal research with an emphasis on secondary data. The statutory approach and case approach were chosen to study the application of the doctrine of causality. So that it can be known with certainty the determination of guilt and criminal responsibility. Primary legal materials and secondary legal materials are sources of data collection. Analysis of research results is carried out by providing criticism, support, comments, then a conclusion is made using a literature review.Results of the Research: The research results prove that in uncovering the case of the death of a victim of premeditated murder in Jayapura City, law enforcement officers chose a generalizing theory. In an effort to search for and find the relationship between the defendants' actions, the combined balance theory becomes the starting point for determining the defendant's guilt. The combined balance theory has the advantage that it can be used to calculate carefully and precisely. Both defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment for the crimes they committed. The obstacle is the difficulty of finding witnesses, evidence and other evidence.

Introduction: The practice of buying and selling online is part of the development of digitalization and technology. Regulation of fair online buying and selling practices by the state is important to protect the rights of the parties.Purpose of the Research: This research aims to analyze and compare online buying and selling arrangements implemented in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.Method of Research: Normative legal research by prioritizing conceptual, statutory and conceptual approaches.Results of Research: Regulation of online buying and selling in Indonesia is viewed from the aspect of distributive justice because the practice of equal playing field, namely equalizing business actors from abroad and from within the country, has not been accompanied by empowerment efforts and special treatment for small, micro and medium businesses in Indonesia, despite its commutative justice aspect, has accommodated various efforts to protect sellers and buyers in online buying and selling transactions. Comparison of the legal regulations for online buying and selling between Indonesia and Malaysia and Singapore. In general, Malaysia and Singapore have provided special arrangements and appropriate and fast procedures regarding means of complaints and the process for complaints in online buying and selling transactions is carried out comprehensively to ensure that everyone or parties involved in online buying and selling transactions have their complaints heard and followed up. Therefore, Indonesia needs to improve regulations related to online buying and selling transactions, especially regarding optimizing complaint services as implemented in Malaysia and Singapore, which follow up on complaint services within a certain period of time and are processed to provide legal certainty and protection for the parties involved in the transaction. online buying and selling transactions.

Introduction: In the agenda of the supremacy of law in Indonesia, one of the tangible manifestations carried out is the establishment of the Constitutional Court in 2003. One of the powers of the Constitutional Court is judicial review which has a major role and influence in upholding human rights. The Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to analyze especially from the philosophical perspective of the role of the Constitutional Court in upholding certainty regarding gender equality in Indonesia. The main research authority is judicial review.The Methods of the Research: The research method used in this study is a normative research method with a legal and philosophical approach. The method and approach will be used in examining the role of the Constitutional Court in upholding certainty regarding gender equality in Indonesia.Results of the Research: A series of Constitutional Court decisions, including Number 22-24/PUU-VI/2008, demonstrates Indonesia's commitment to gender equality. These rulings changed election systems, ensuring equal opportunities for all candidates. The Court nullified affirmative action provisions in Law No. 10 of 2008, shifting from a 30% female representation goal. Decision Number 20/PUU-XI/2013 strengthened gender equality in politics, while Decision Number 82/PUU-XII/2014 supported women's electability in leadership roles. Decision Number 22/PUU-XV/2017 addressed gender-based discrimination in the Marriage Law. These decisions show the Constitutional Court's role in promoting gender equality, yet ongoing efforts are needed for further progress.

Introduction: The development of special areas of Batam began in the 1970s. With the support of special regulations made by the central government, Batam City becomes a competitive place for investment in Indonesia. Moreover Batam has geographical advantage because of its strategic location and adjacent to Malaysia and Singapore.Purposes of the Research: The research examines the legal framework governing the relationship between the Batam City Government and Batam Concession Agency, identifying overlap and potential conflicts, and promoting synergy with the Batam Business Entity.Methods of the Research: The study approach employed. Secondary data is used in this normative legal research strategy.Results of the Research: Research suggests that the legal structure between Batam City Government and Batam Concession Agency should promote cooperation and collaboration. In practice, overlapping jurisdiction areas might leave unclear and confusing duties and responsibilities for each entity. They were fulfilling each entity's duties. Overlapping zones can interfere with development and public services and cause institutional conflicts. The legal framework may require clarity or amendment to improve the interaction between the Batam City Government and the Batam Concession Agency. Optimize local government, for optimal local government, the law must assist the Batam City Government, and Batam Concession Agency cooperate. Batam City and Batam Concession Agency labor together cooperatively. Batam City and Batam Concession Agency collaborate.