resumo O consenso de que a escravidao e negra e de que ela define a formacao nacional nao se restringe a historiografia brasileira e brasilianista. Tanto no Brasil como em outras tradicoes historiograficas, tratou-se de um paradigma construido ao longo de decadas e que associa escravidao ao trafico de africanos, forjando um conceito incapaz de explicar contextos em que predominaram outras formas coloniais de exploracao do trabalho. O objetivo deste artigo e mapear esse percurso teorico no Brasil e, a partir de investigacao empirica focada na regiao amazonica, propor uma abordagem mais ampla da nocao de escravidao.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the corporate governance and financial constraints with emphasis on the type of industry. Statistical population of the research is all chemical products industry companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during the years from 2008 to 2013 that all companies in the mentioned industry are considered as sample, due to the limited statistical population. In this research, proportion of shares owned by major shareholders, number of major shareholders, Board independence, and proportion of shares in hands of institutional investors were considered as independent variables to examine their impact on facing the company with companies’ financial constraints. According to results of Fazari et al. (1988) and some related arguments, this study attempts to evaluate the role and influence of corporate governance quality on financial constraints by using the sensitivity of investment to cash flow as a measure of financial constraints. The Panel data with fixed effects was used in this research; results of the analysis of corporate data show that there is a significant relationship between the proportion of shares owned by major shareholders, number of major shareholders, Board independence, proportion of shares in hands of institutional investors and facing the company with companies’ financial constraints through using the multivariate regression at 95% confidence level. KEYWORDS: Major shareholders, Board independence, Proportion of shares in hands of institutional investors, Face the company with financial constraints

This study attempts to examine the role of addiction to information technology on academic performance of high-school students in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The statistical population of this research comprises the total high-school students in Bandar Abbas, among which 356 samples were randomly selected through the Cochran's formula. Moreover, the Yang Internet addiction questionnaire (1996) was employed to collect information. As for the variable of academic performance, the students' GPA for academic year 2013-2014 was used. The statistical data were analyzed through regression test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. For this purpose, the SPSS 18 was applied. The results showed there was a significant correlation between addiction to information technology and academic with coefficient of -0.37 and p>0.01. Furthermore, the results of regression analysis indicated that addiction to information technology accounted for 13% of the variance of academic performance in the entire group under study. Therefore, it can be concluded that subject more addicted to technology will have lower academic performance.

The present work has been conducted under the title study of the relationship of strategic/metacognitive and knowledge/cognitive factors with empowerment components of girls high school teachers in district 1 of Tehran. The statistical population of the research consists of all girls high school teachers of district 1 of Tehran Education Department (2354 teachers). The sample size is 331 individuals, which has been determined based on Morgan table by stratified random sampling method. The method of research is descriptive correlative. The tools of gathering data include library and internet. In inferential statistics includes the personnel empowerment questionnaire consisting of 20 4-choice questions and cultural intelligence questionnaire consisting 20 5-choice questions. The questionnaire validity and reliability has been calculated. The reliability coefficient was 0.86 and 0.82 and the following results were achieved: the correlation coefficient of P<0.01 proved that the relationship of strategic/metacognitive factors and rehabilitation was high and the relationship between knowledge/cognitive factor and rehabilitation was fair. Taking into account P<0.01, results of regression prove that the strategic/cognitive factors, the knowledge/metacognitive factor has predicted teachers' empowerment to a high extent. Keywords: strategic/cognitive factors, knowledge/cognitive factors, empowerment, teachers, high school education.

The present study was conducted aimed at investigating the leisure time of female students of Hormozgan University with an emphasis on sport activities. This descriptive survey was an applied study with regard to purpose and was conducted as a field study. The popultaion of the study was all the female students of Hormozgan University and the sample size of this study was determined using Morgan Sampling Table as 300. Random cluster sampling was used for sampling in this study. The instruments of this study was two questionnaires, i.e., the questionnaires of Demographic Information, and Evaluation of Leisure Sports Activities. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 9 sports management professors and its reliability was estimated using Cronbach's Formula (α=0.81). Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics (Chi-Square Test) were used for the data analyses of this study. The results of the study indicated that 81.7 % of the sample had over one hour of daily leisure time while 48.3 % of them do not do sports activities. In addition, although volleyball and badminton were the first priorities of students as sports activities in their leisure time, they did hiking and badminton. Thus, it is natural that 44.7 % of the students were not satisfied with their sports activities and only 4 % of the students were completely satisfied. They considered the lack of facilities and installation, their busy schedule, and economic problems as the most important reasons of their failure to use their sports leisure time appropriately. One third of the students believed that the university authorities do not attend to their leisure time at all. Finally, we concluded that there is no difference between how female students of Hormozgan University spend their leisure time in terms of their university degree, and their age. Keywords: leisure, exercise, female students.

The present study examined the impact of electronic banking on reducing the cost of new customers in Sirjan city banks. E-banking components in this research include: internet banking, mobile banking, telephone banking, point-of-sale (POS) terminals, automated teller machines (ATMs), and self-service kiosks. The statistical sample size includes 384 subjects who were determined from the active population of Sirjan city. Given that the study population was selected from different occupational groups and there was incongruity between the groups, multi-stage cluster sampling method has been used. Therefore, first, the population in different occupational classes is separated, then simple random sampling method was applied to determine the sample number in each class. To collect data in this research, was used. The questionnaire validity and reliability were obtained respectively, 0.91 and 0.79. In order to describe and analyze the collected data, spss software was used. Statistical analysis results showed that overall e-banking leads to an increase in customer attraction towards a commercial bank. Each of the components of electronic banking has a significant impact on attracting new customers in the bank. At the end, some recommendations have been presented for banks staff and managers to make an applied use of the research results. Keywords: Electronic Banking, Customer, Cost

In past earthquake events, the seismic vulnerability of underground pipelines caused significant life and economic losses. Seismic retrofit of critical underground pipelines has become an urgent need of our society to improve the performance and serviceability of these critical lifeline systems as well as enhance public safety. The cured in place pipe (CIPP) liner technology consists of installing flexible polymeric liners with thermosetting resin inside existing pipelines. Compared with traditional expensive and disruptive excavation and replacement of aging and structurally unsound pipelines, CIPP provides an economic and environmentally friendly alternative for pipeline rehabilitation. However, the lack of verification and quantification of the seismic performance of CIPP liner under transient ground deformation remains a critical deficiency in current practice. This paper is one of two companion papers that reports on the results of large-scale testing at the Cornell University and University at Buffalo equipment sites of the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) to characterize the seismic performance of CIPP linings. Full-scale quasi-static and dynamic tests were performed on four water-pressurized ductile iron (DI) pipelines (6.0 in. nominal diameter and 30 ft. nominal length) reinforced with the Starline® 2000 liner, one type of CIPP liner manufactured by Progressive Pipeline Management, LLC, West Deptford, NJ. This paper briefly describes the behavior of the liner-strengthened DI pipelines under static loading and focuses on their response under transient ground deformations (TGD). Moreover, based on the joint response under quasi-static loading, this paper proposes a new constitutive numerical model for the longitudinal behavior of liner-reinforced joints and cracked sections of pipe that considers strength degradation and energy dissipation. Both the test results and numerical analyses indicate that CIPP liner provides substantial longitudinal strength to the joints of DI pipelines and improve significantly their seismic behavior under high intensity TGD.

Amidst of high demand of energy, the world is seeking alternative energy sources. Wind alone can fulfill most of the energy requirement of the world by its efficient conversion into energy. On efficiency measurement, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) is the popular to the researchers, but it works best in places where the wind is not disturbed and has high wind power. The inherent advantage of facing the wind direction, design simplicity, less expensive technology for construction, lower wind start-up speeds, easier maintenance, and relatively quietness are turning the focus to Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). The low wind speed and non-smooth wind flow regions are attracted for these machines. Savonius turbine is the simplest form of VAWT and operation is based on the difference of the drag force on its blades. The main objective of this study is to analyze a perfect mixture of new and innovative designs of Savonius turbine blades, which can make VAWT more attractive, efficient, durable and sustainable. This is studied by using blade with different numbers in operating in different wind speed. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis has been used. 2D CAD models of various VAWT geometries are created and tested with CFD software ANSYS/FLUENT with a similar flow-driven motion in a wind tunnel. These simulations provided the aero-dynamic characteristics like shear stress, velocity distribution and pressure distribution. Some physical models with desired properties needed to be fabricated and tested inside tunnel to find the effect of different shapes in real.Copyright © 2014 by ASME