This article aims to study the grammatical, semantic, stylistic, and social aspects of the use of feminatives in the Ukrainian language based on term theory providing combined use of descriptive and prescriptive approaches. It was shown that adding in text extra feminine proper nouns as simply opposed to masculinitives may result in several inconsistencies leading to violation of grammatical and phonological rules and to the degradation expressive ability of the language. Not doing much to make a woman more visible, this opposition, in particular, leaves no room for correctly identifying non-binary persons and personified objects. As a possible solution, we propose to recognize a general gender combining simple genders by the logical “OR”, the existence of which follows from the analysis of the language practice. The corresponding nouns should be used instead of masculine names in the generalizing function.

A collection of letters written by Leontij Vasiljevič Kopeckij to Zdeňka and Bohuslav Havránek during the years 1934–1964 contains 17 letters published for the very first time. The letters in the edition come from Bohuslav Havránek’s inheritance located in the Literary Archive of the Muzeum of Czech Literature. The letters are arranged chronologically.

The system of genus verbi in the Russian and Czech languages differs significantly; moreover, there are also differences in its classification and terminology. The article compares the systems of genus verbi in Russian and Czech, focusing on the expression of passive meanings by reflexive forms of non-finite verb forms. Reflexive adjectival participles with passive meaning have been described in Russian (производящийся, издававшийся) and more recently in Czech (bourající se, zřídivší se). However, reflexive forms with a passive meaning are not limited to the category of adjectival participles. These forms also occur with other non-finite verb forms, including infinitives (číst se, читаться) and adverbial participles (budujíce se, производясь).

This paper examines specific aspects of the implementation of compensatory strategies in the Czech oral speech of native Russian speakers. A qualitative study was conducted based on transcripts of spontaneous oral speech. One key focus was describing the relationship between the speakers’ overall language competence and their use of strategies involving appeals for assistance and code-switching. However, the primary goal was to create a detailed classification of instances in which these two strategies were employed and to analyze them in terms of communicative success within specific interactional contexts. Within the framework of the appeal for assistance strategy, we identified several communicative success factors: direct inquiries about the meaning of a word, direct inquiries about the form of a word, appeals for assistance supplemented by switching to the native language, requests for translation from L1, appeals for confirmation of the correct use of a lexical item, requests for confirmation of correct interpretation, and preventive appeals aimed at ensuring interlocutor support in case of potential difficulties. In the context of switching to the native or another foreign language, after identifying the languages used by respondents during code-switching, we examined cases where the intended switch was abandoned. We also analyzed the range of cases based on intentionality / unintentionality and the extent of the switch. The study addressed the typology of lexemes used in code-switching, as well as the typology of strategy combinations where switching was paired with other strategies. Additionally, we classified code-switching strategies according to their function. Aside from specific cases of introducing a Russian lexeme followed by the Czech equivalent, we identified the following types: paraphrasing or quoting, clarifying the addressee, elaborating on the statement, emotional emphasis, highlighting key information through repetition with switching, marking the focus of the utterance, and quasi-translation.