This study explores socio-economic and political challenges faced by village councils like the Maram Centre Village Council in Manipur. By examining these issues, the study aims to provide insights for policymakers to formulate and implement effective policies. It highlights areas needing capacity building to enhance governance capabilities. The research employed quantitative methods using a questionnaire, with data analysed statistically. Understanding these challenges is essential for informed policy decisions, evidence-based governance, and tailored interventions. Addressing these issues requires stakeholder engagement, transparency, and accountability to foster community empowerment. Maram Centre Village in Manipur faces significant challenges, such as lower literacy rates and caste dynamics, with 88.93% belonging to Scheduled Tribes. Agriculture is the primary livelihood, emphasizing the village’s agrarian economy. Collaborative efforts and targeted interventions are crucial for inclusive and sustainable development.

The paper used secondary data in which newspapers, Journal articles, textbooks, documents, etc. are reviewed and analyzed in identifying the factors responsible for the crises of integration in the Nigeria federal system. These are with the intention of providing information on the crises of integration in Nigeria. DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2018.00016.X

Urbanization is generally seen as a symbol of development and progress. But, the unplanned and unregulated expansions of urban areas in India have proved disastrous to both man and nature. Keeping in mind the severity of the problem policy-makers from time to time have formulated and experimented a numbers of measures to control environmental pollution. Delhi has been one of the biggest victims of environmental pollution. The Government of Delhi has tried to protect the environment of the city by implementing measures like, closures of polluted industries, introduction of CNG as a clean fuel, ban on crackers, and experiment of odd-even scheme to control vehicular pollution. This paper will primarily highlight such actions and initiatives undertaken by the Government of Delhi to combat the menace of pollution in Delhi. DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2018.00019.5

In India, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) practice has been adopted in all the major sectors, i.e., social and commercial infrastructure, energy, communication, transport and water sanitation. It is no longer confined to the development of roads, airports and railways and so on but has also been expanded to the human development sectors particularly education and health. In the educational sector, it is a method of delivering quality educational services through the government with the greater involvement of the private sector including non-governmental organisations, business corporations and communities in the finance and management of services. The expansion of PPP Model in education sector will be a step forward towards the achievement of improved learning outcomes. Since the implementation of Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE), Act 2009 in India which provides for free and compulsory education to every child till the completion of elementary education, the quality of education has been decreased. Though, the Act was enacted to provide equitable education of good quality but teaching and learning have fallen further. This paper presents the concept of Public-Private Partnership and also evaluates its progress in school education in India. DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2018.00020.1

Game theory is the study of the interactions that occur between rational decision-makers and the dynamics that influence strategic behaviors. Paramount to this approach is the realization that an individual’s decisions are often influenced by the actions and/or anticipated actions of others. Of particular importance is Game Theory’s capacity to explain the prison’s disinterest and seeming inability to successfully promote offender rehabilitation. Herein the relationship existing between prisons and prisoners is viewed as a “game” designed to prevent an inmate “win”. As such, contemporary prisoners have (in protest) chosen to oppose all forms of correctional intervention even when doing so is personally detrimental. DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2018.00015.8

Instilling democracy on an unshakable ground in a given society is the main goal of political leaders and political philosophers. This process on its base needs an educated citizen that clearly understands and develops an inherent character about one's own rights and responsibilities. A responsible citizen also helps an inclusive citizen in a given society. In a multicultural society like Ethiopia, social, cultural, economic and political exclusion will be the basic problem that the country faces. However, the legal inclusion can never be a guarantee for developing and ensuring social and cultural inclusion of individuals in a given political community. Rather, educating and creating awareness about citizenship and citizenship rights can possibly mitigate such problems from the grassroot level. Bearing this in mind, this paper attempts to made general assessment and explication about the development and practice of citizenship and citizenship rights in Ethiopia. In doing so, different literature, legal documents, governmental reports and records were used as sources of data. Accordingly, this paper made an assessment, though not made a conclusion, about practice and development and practice of citizenship in to four basic periods namely, pre-Emperor Haile Selassie, Haile Selassie, Derg and the EPRDF.

The study deals with the revolution of information technology in the functioning of government services in the country. Thinking about globalization, we visualize the application of technology and more specifically Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to reduce the differences in different corners of the economy and make the differentiated world into a truly integrated global village. Utilization of technology in government services has gathered endurance called as electronic governance. The old notion of administration seems to become obsolete as the government at central, state and at local levels are facing challenges posed by increased demand for better quality of governance. Electronic-governance has already been acknowledged as indispensable strength to a revolutionary development in standard, coherence, and efficacy of government. With the massive growth in population, low rate of literacy, cultural differences and above all, profound destitution has created difficulties in running the administration by the government of India. So, nothing was left but a centralized strategy driven by ICT as it seems to bring more transparency and increased accountability. Undoubtedly, in the present scenario, the progress of any government relies on the application of electronic governance. In fact, the success of a government can be judged by the reach of electronic governance to its population. Based on secondary data this study enquires into the challenges raised in front of the Government of India (GOI) to implement this system usefully, restrain challenges to implement it successfully, find out the potential opportunities available and examine the challenges encountered by it. DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00025.5

From 30 years ago onwards, Persian music, under the influence of Western philosophy, has been Westernised in the sense that some elements of Western philosophy have strongly impacted Persian music. In this paper, I intend to propose a critical leap in Persian music which leads to the creation of three different paradigms in Persian music. Philosophically, Persian music can be seen from three perspectives: Transcendental, Secular and Nominalistic. The Transcendental view considers Persian music as something that is related to what comes from high up, i.e. God. In this paradigm, the concept of Radif is a very important element which has a high place in the history of Persian music. Contrarily, the Secular view focuses on the mundane feature of Persian music in the sense that musicians care to produce melodies by humans and for humans. If Transcendentalists consider music as “less is more,” Secularists treat it as “less is bore.” However, the Nominalistic view tries to leave the two previous paradigms behind by not considering any essence for music, and thus focuses on the contextual feature of music. I conclude by saying that we are now dealing with different “Persian musics” rather than “a Persian music”. DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00019.X

The construction of ‘otherness’ in media discourse is meant to legitimize and naturalize the reproduction of the ideology of opposition that widens the gap between the identification of “Self” and “Other”. This identification relies mostly on knowledge and its relation to power that could be detected in discourses where voices interact with one another to assert a fixed hegemonic conception of the Self in contrast to the Other. In this sense, the production of knowledge in media discourse remains subject to the interference of different authoritative institutions that represent the position of power through instilling and presenting the ideology of this regime as the taken-for-granted truth. Being annexed to power, truth is perceived as having the quality of credibility that lends credence to its producers’ claim. What strengthens and bridges more effectively the power and knowledge relation is the fact that these discourses are institutionalized by authoritative systems. This fact engenders the possibility that the intellectuals themselves are institutionalized and that their role in societies is restricted. This fact calls for the urgent need of giving space for the subaltern to speak for themselves and deconstruct the ideologies that are produced by the dominant groups. DOI: 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00017.6