The C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in dicotyledons were investigated with the four species of Boerhavia occurring in Nigeria using light microscopy. The study is not yet well reported on dicotyledons as done for monocotyledons. The features cross-examined were stomata index, stomata size, inter-stomatal distance, stomatal density, interveinal distance, intercellular air spaces, leaf thickness, mesophyll thickness, Kranz tissue, one cell distant count criterion, maximum lateral cell count criterion, vein density and vein distance. Based on these features, these species (B. erecta, B. coccinea and B. repens) were grouped into C4 while B. diffusa was grouped as a C3 plant. In particular, interveinal distance less than 166µm and maximum lateral count ranging 2 to 6 will help in grouping C4 dicotyledons species while those that were greater than these values are useful in grouping C3 and plants.

Poa is the largest genus among the grasses of the Himalaya and the species of this genus are mainly distributed in temperate and alpine zones. Uttarakhand state of India lies in the easternmost end of Western Himalaya and a large number of Poa species are known here. Plant collections by the authors, study of Indian herbaria and taxonomic literature proves presence of 45 species and 2 subspecies of Poa in Uttarakhand. Brief taxonomic accounts and keys for identification of these taxa are provided in this article. In addition, information on habitat, occurrence, approximate elevation range, flowering and fruiting times are also provided. The collected specimens of Poa were identified with the help of relevant taxonomic literature and the identity was confirmed by matching them with the authentic specimens housed in DD, BSD, GUH and CAL. Voucher specimens are deposited in GUH. Some taxa which are not collected by the authors are included here based on the specimens housed at Botanical Survey of India, Northern Circle, Dehradun (BSD). Poa rhadina Bor is a rare and narrow endemic species of the Western Himalaya and restricted to Tehri Garhwal only.

In order to better understand variation in cambium in lianas in Taiwan and to aid identification of liana species, we examined the stem structure of ten species of lianas belonging to the family Fabaceae. Samples were collected mainly from southern and eastern Taiwan and were selected from plants with different stem diameters in order to compare the structural similarities of plants. The results showed that cambium had a normal appearance and stems were round in Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Caesalpinia crista L., and Caesalpinia minax Hance. We noted a combination of furrowed xylem and dissected xylem in Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth., shallowly furrowed xylem in Acacia caesia (L.) Willd., Centrosema pubescens Benth., and Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle, a combination of flattened stem and interxylary phloem in Entada koshunensis Hayata & Kaneh. and Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr., and a combination of external vascular cylinder and flattened stem in Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. Of these lianas, three species, -A. caesia, B. championii, and C. crista, -experienced two distinct developmental growth phases. We concluded that variations in cambium and xylem deposition are associated with the size of the stems. Medullary bundles occurred in the pith of P. montana, an observation that has not previously been recorded. We present the first description and photographs of these bundles and the external vascular cylinder in the pith, and it is recommended that further study of this species be conducted.

Three new hyphomycetes in Taiwan are proposed, including one new species, Guedea lantania, and two new records, ＂Isthmotricladia gombakiensis＂ and ＂Wiesneriomyces laurinus＂. They were isolated from decaying leaves or rotten twigs individually. Morphological characteristics of ＂G. lantania＂ was described, illustrated and compared with the other species in the Guedea genus and a key to the members of this genus was provided. The unique characters of the two newly recorded fungi were also diagnosed and illustrated, and compared with the allied taxa to highlight their distinct characters.

The lectotype of ＂Syzygium myhendrae＂ (Bedd. ex Brandis) Gamble is designated and its status is reviewed.

＂Begonia natunaensis＂, a new species of sect. ＂Reichenheimia＂ from Natuna Island, Indonesia, is here described and illustrated. ＂Begonia natunaensis＂ resembles ＂B. goegoensis＂ N.E. Brown in having suborbicular, peltate leaves with an abruptly tapering tip, differing in the number of tepals in staminate flowers (2vs.4) and in pistillate flower (2vs.3) and the petiole (terete vs. 4-angular). The new species is also similar to another peltate-leaved ＂Begonia＂, ＂B. sudjanae＂ Jans., but is distinguishable by being glabrous (vs. hispid throughout), the staminate tepals 2 [vs. (2-)4], and pistillate tepals 2 [vs. (2-)3]. Geographically, ＂B. natunaensis＂ is endemic to Natuna Island in the South China Sea, whereas ＂B. goegoensis＂ and ＂B. sudjanae＂ are distributed in western Sumatra, ＂ca＂. 1,000 km away from Natuna.

＂Elatostema retrohirtum＂ Gagnep. is described and illustrated as a newly recorded species from Vietnam and compared with the similar ＂Elatostema balansae＂ Gagnep.. Photographs, distribution map and supplementary description of its staminate inflorescence are also presented.

In this report six new orchids to Taiwan, i.e., Bulbophyllum confragosum, Bulbophyllum hirundinis var. puniceum, Bulbophyllum albociliatum var. shanlinshiense, Nervilia ratis, Oberonia linguae and Goodyera velutina var. albo-nervosa are presented.