Introduction. Decision-making in case of forest fire threat is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, as well as a large volume of data and a number of factors that must be taken into account in the decision-making process. Existing and implemented into practice decision support tools allow justifying decisions only at the operational management level. The authors have developed scientific, methodological and algorithmic tools for intelligent decision-making support in case of forest fire threat at the strategic (during preparation for the fire-hazardous period) and tactical (at the initial stage of active fires) management levels using deep neural tree methods with fuzzy inference. Software has been developed that automates these tools. This software provides decision makers with reference and analytical information used to justify management decisions. Purpose of the study. Analysis and assessment of the possibilities of using the developed intelligent decision support system in response to forest fire threats in order to improve the validity of management decisions. Methods. Machine learning, fuzzy logic, analysis, forecasting. Results and discussion. The paper presents the structural and functional organization of intelligent decision support systems for responding to forest fire threats, and describes the main modules of the system. The main capabilities, advantages of the software, scope of application and development prospects are considered. The developed system will allow the Commission for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies and Ensuring Fire Safety to support decision-making at the strategic and tactical levels of management using the knowledge and experience of the commission's experts through formalization in the form of rule bases and a knowledge base of management decisions. Conclusion. The use of software is aimed at increasing the validity of management decisions by reducing the degree of uncertainty, as well as increasing the volume and heterogeneity of data used in decision-making. The application of the system was tested in the Leningrad Region. Keywords: decision support, intelligent algorithms, fuzzy logic, forest fires, automation.

Introduction. According to the Methodology for Determining Estimated Fire Risk Values at Industrial Facilities, the calculation of individual fire risks is carried out using the value of the corresponding potential fire risk as an intermediate value. Social fire risk is defined as the frequency of events leading to the death of 10 or more people, therefore, when the initial data on the location and number of people changes, it is necessary to recalculate for all scenarios, which is very labor intensive. In this regard, it is of interest to find a way to simplify the calculations performed, allowing for assessing the social fire risk based only on the known field of potential risk. Aims and purposes. The aim of the work is to develop a method that allows, based on the values of potential fire risk, to determine the maximum possible value of social fire risk, taking into account the number of people near the industrial facility. Methods. The methods of elementary algebra, arithmetic, probability theory, and mathematical logic were used for the study. Results and discussion. The paper shows a significant drawback of the known method and proposes a new method that allows assessing social fire risk based on the values of potential fire risk, but taking into account the number of people. Conclusions 1. The known method, which allows the value of social fire risk to be taken equal to the value of potential risk at the internal boundary of the area where people are located, allows obtaining the correct value only if the number of people in the area under consideration is 10. 2. The value of social fire risk can exceed the potential fire risk as many times as the number of people in the area under consideration exceeds 10, therefore, taking it equal to the value of potential risk can erroneously underestimate the value of social risk by several times. 3. A new method is proposed that allows, based on the values of potential fire risk, to determine the maximum possible value of social fire risk, taking into account the number of people located near the production facility. 4. The proposed method also allows solving the inverse problem - determining the minimum distances or maximum number of people near an industrial facility (and, for example, making a decision on the possibility of placing a container car filling station) with the condition that the social fire risk does not exceed the permissible value. Keywords: social fire risk; potential fire risk; risk calculation; fire safety of industrial facilities.

Introduction. In recent years, the phenomenon of mass gatherings has attracted significant attention from scientific and expert communities due to the increasing number of events that attract large crowds. The security concerns associated with such events have highlighted the importance of identifying anomalies in crowd behavior, which in turn requires the study of individual actions and interactions within large groups. However, analyzing the risks and unpredictable aspects of human behavior in public spaces presents a complex challenge due to the complex and unpredictable dynamics of human nature. In this context, recent discoveries in the field of information technology related to data mining, machine learning, and computer vision have opened up new possibilities for analyzing threats and hazards in crowded spaces. Crowd-based risk assessment is based on the assumption that information obtained from observable aspects of an individual's personality, as well as insights into their hidden abilities and intentions, can be intelligently combined to accurately assess the threat they pose to public spaces. Goals and objectives. The purpose of this article is to conduct a detailed analysis and develop recommendations for improving the methods and tools for automatic threat recognition in crowded areas. Methods. Modeling, analysis, synthesis, forecasting, systematization, generalization. Results and discussion. In the course of the study, special attention is paid to the description of traditional methods of crowd behavior analysis, their features and disadvantages. Modern methods are also considered, which allow assessing risks and analyzing people's behavior using modern information technologies and digital innovations. Separately, the article proposes an author's algorithm, which allows conducting modeling for the system of automatic recognition and assessment of the potential threat of people's behavior in a crowd. Conclusion. Within the framework of the developed algorithm, aspects of individual behavior that are subject to analysis are identified, a mathematical model is identified, and indicators for evaluating the results obtained are formalized. Keywords: behavior, crowd, analysis, risks, technologies, model, evaluation.

Introduction. Some features of the organization of the actions of the inspector of the department of supervision and preventive work are considered. It is proposed to use a model for solving a transport problem as a formal model for streamlining the preventive work of a supervisory activity unit in conditions of simultaneous planning and execution. The solution of the transport problem is illustrated by an example of one of the divisions of the Moscow region. The development of a decision support system based on the hierarchy analysis method as input data for the design and training of a neural network is adapted and illustrated. The training data is based on the results of an expert survey, which includes a sample of the importance of criteria (preventive measures) and alternatives based on expert survey data. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is to develop a plan of preventive measures. It is based on the idea of the transport task of choosing the necessary preventive measure depending on the sample parameters. To achieve the goal, the task of developing a sequence of actions to optimize labor costs using the method of analyzing hierarchies and machine learning was implemented. The sequence of actions for training the developed neural network on a specific example is described, where the data were obtained as a result of an expert survey based on the developed questionnaire. Methods. The article uses the method of mathematical processing of statistical data, the method of algorithmizing, visualization and machine learning. Adaptive control methods are also used. Results and its discussion. It is proposed to use a model for solving the transport problem as a formal model for streamlining the preventive work of the supervisory activity unit. Key algorithms and mathematical underpinnings have also been developed for the application of neural network technologies using the properties of a decision support system based on expert survey data. Conclusion. The developed plan system for planning preventive work includes both a regulatory approach and modern machine learning methods, which is one of the priority areas in the development of modern science. Keywords: transport model; paired comparisons; objective function; organization of supervisory activities; optimal distribution; preventive measures.

Introduction. In conditions of a limited number of brigades in the fire and rescue garrison, an urgent issue is forecasting and careful distribution of available brigades in the combat crew for extinguishing fires. This work is devoted to retrospective modeling of the involvement of fire and rescue brigades in a major fire using the example of the Astrakhan local fire and rescue garrison. Goals and objectives. The article was written with the aim of improving the procedure for attracting fire and rescue brigades to fires at a higher rank, assessing the effectiveness of fire departments in various situations developing at the site of a fire, and also mathematically modeling the involvement of fire and rescue brigades to extinguish a fire. Methods. Comparative analysis and modeling of the involvement of fire and rescue brigades in a fire at a higher rank using the hierarchy analysis method. Results and discussion. The use of a schedule of departures of fire and rescue garrison brigades to extinguish fires and carry out emergency rescue operations does not in all cases ensure the rational concentration of fire and rescue brigades. The results of a comparison of the involvement of fire and rescue brigades in response to a fire in the Astrakhan region indicate various possible options for the order of dispatch of brigades. Changing the order of involvement of fire and rescue brigades makes it possible to increase the efficiency of their activities at the scene of a fire. Conclusion. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to rationally (based on the entered criteria) concentrate the most effective fire and rescue brigades at the fire site, based on the developing operational situation at the fire site and in the garrison. At the same time, the use of the developed mathematical model will make it possible to direct forces and means with lower tactical and technical characteristics to minor fires, forming a reserve for a second possible fire. The creation of a reserve of fire and rescue brigades is carried out on the basis of the risk of several destructive events occurring in the garrison and in the area where brigades are deployed. Keywords: criterion; fire; fire and rescue garrison; brigades; priority; attraction; concentration; area; departure schedule.

Introduction. One of the measures to ensure a qualitative increase in the level of protection of the population and objects of protection from fires is the implementation of the powers of federal state authorities, state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations in terms of developing proposals for determining the staffing, technical equipment and locations of fire protection units. The article proposes an algorithm for determining the type of voluntary fire protection in rural settlements of the Moscow region, taking into account the level of fire danger based on statistical data and the tactical potential of voluntary fire protection units, in the context of application prospects, to substantiate the forces and means for extinguishing fires and the optimal distribution of types of volunteer fire protection units in rural settlements of the Moscow region the governing body of the local fire and rescue garrison, the local government body for ensuring fire safety of the municipality. The tasks of the research are to analyze the spatial zone of placement of fire protection units of the municipality; to develop an algorithm for determining the type of voluntary fire protection in rural settlements of the Moscow region that are not included in the spatial zone of fire protection subdivisions, taking into account the level of fire danger based on statistical data and the tactical potential of volunteer fire protection units; to determine the types of voluntary fire protection units fire protection, when extinguishing fires, taking into account their tactical potential, for placement in rural settlements that are not included in the spatial zone of the fire protection units of other types. Methods. The methods of analysis, synthesis, the method of graphical modeling, the type of deterministic, visual modeling, and the method of comparative estimates are used. Results and discussions. The types of units of voluntary fire protection in extinguishing fires are determined, taking into account their tactical potential and the level of fire danger of a rural locality, for the organizational design of the fire safety system of a municipality. Conclusions. The presented material theoretically substantiates the provisions of its application, the necessity of fundamental and applied research on this topic. Keywords: voluntary fire protection, algorithm, tactical potential.

Introduction. The problem of the theoretical foundations of management in organizational systems, the selection of an alternative to the head of fire extinguishing is considered, subject to the choice of the decisive direction of combat operations to extinguish a fire in underground structures of a large area and length (for example, a subway). A significant issue is the possibility of choosing a decisive direction, taking into account the ranking of fire extinguishing actions in the case where the criteria of the current situation may be a variety of possible acceptable options, and in conditions of reasonable risk. Methods. A comprehensive analysis of the conditions of justified risk, issues of applicability of the concepts of justified risk and extreme necessity when organizing fire extinguishing in conditions of uncertainty and managing a complex organizational system (when extinguishing a fire in underground structures), as well as factors that arise during each fire in underground structures of a large area and length was carried out. Results. Indicators of extreme necessity and justified risk, criteria for reducing the level of risk when conducting combat operations to extinguish a fire in underground structures were considered, the process of ranking fire extinguishing actions was formalized and algorithms were developed for ranking the conditions for choosing a decisive direction, the possibility of assessing the negative consequences of decisions made, and making management decisions taking into account the ranking of fire extinguishing actions. Research application field. The results of the study are aimed at ranking the conditions for choosing the decisive direction when conducting combat operations to extinguish a fire in underground structures, in which the use of forces and means at a given time provides the most effective conditions for performing the main combat mission. The use of the developed algorithms is relevant not only for analyzing the possible situation during a fire, but also for scenarios for modeling the control process in an organizational fire extinguishing system based on the boundary conditions of actions in underground structures of large area and length. Conclusions. An algorithm for the conditions for choosing a decisive direction is presented, taking into account the ranking of actions when extinguishing fires in underground structures. A mathematical description of the process of ranking actions to extinguish fire in underground structures is given and indicators of actions within the framework of extreme necessity or reasonable risk are given. The goal is to scientifically substantiate the development of an algorithm for ranking the conditions for choosing a direction of action in the event of fires in underground structures, taking into account the conditions for extinguishing it, and the integration of an algorithm for ranking the conditions for choosing a decisive direction when conducting combat operations to extinguish a fire. Keywords: choice; management; alternative; criterion of the situation on the fire; fighting; fire extinguishing; risk; underground structures.

Introduction. In order to ensure the sustainable functioning of critical infrastructures (CI), in conditions of the growth of various types of threats, security systems (SB) for various purposes, for example, technical SB, should be created on them. As such systems, first of all, there are security alarm systems, access control and some others. These systems are usually integral parts of the overall physical protection of CI, so they play an important role in ensuring the security of CI. One of the most important SB on the CI is the identification and access control system. In recent years, specialists in these systems have paid closer attention to the issues of ensuring the security of checkpoints for vehicles. It is known that they can be one of the most vulnerable places in the system of physical protection of the CI. Based on this, the task of improving identification and access control systems, including the vehicle, is currently an urgent scientific and practical task, and therefore require further study. Aims and Purposes. The purpose of this study is to develop a simplified conceptual design of the wireless identification and access control system of the vehicle on the CI. Methods. To achieve this goal, the methods of system analysis, elements of the theory of radio engineering, as well as methods of analysis, description, generalization, results of research works on the subject of research were used. Results and discussion. The existing systems of wireless identification and access control on CI are considered on the example of wireless identification and access control systems of the vehicle. Some ways of improving the safety and reliability of the operation of these systems are outlined. The analysis of ways to improve the systems of wireless identification and access control on CI is carried out on the example of wireless identification and access control systems of the vehicle. A simplified conceptual design of the wireless identification and access control system of the vehicle on CI has been developed. The main primary provisions of the system under development related to the circuit engineering stage of conceptual design are formulated. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, a simplified conceptual design of the wireless identification and access control system of the vehicle on CI has been developed. According to the authors, the developed simplified conceptual project, with appropriate adaptation, can be applied in practice for the purposes of ensuring the physical protection of CI. Keywords: critical infrastructure; identification systems; access control; wireless data transmission systems; conceptual project.

Introduction. Inspections of the fire condition of protection facilities are one of the main activities of the federal state fire supervision of EMERCOM of Russia. Currently, the frequency of scheduled inspections is regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of fire safety, depending on the risk category of protection facilities. However, the specified frequency has no scientific justification and is regulated by a strong-willed decision. That is why in recent years the frequency of scheduled inspections has repeatedly changed. Therefore, the development of a scientifically based methodology for determining the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of the fire state of protected facilities, including buildings for temporary residence (residence) of people, is an urgent problem. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study was to study the dependence of the number of fires occurring in buildings for temporary stay (residence) of people on the frequency of scheduled inspections of their fire-fighting condition by state fire supervision authorities. The objective of the study is to develop an analytical methodology and substantiate on its basis the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of the fire condition of buildings for temporary stay (residence) of people. Methods. Based on the analysis of statistical information on fires that occurred in buildings for temporary stay (residence) of people in 2014-2021, analytical dependencies of the average annual number of fires at these protection facilities on the time interval from the moment of their last inspection to the moment of fire occurrence, as well as the number of fires that occurred at the protection facilities of different risk categories on the frequency of scheduled inspections were developed. Results and discussion. As a result of the conducted research, the following has been developed methodology for analyzing statistical information on fires to determine the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections in buildings for temporary residence of people. Unlike the method given in the regulatory legal acts on fire safety, the proposed methodology does not prescribe, but scientifically substantiates the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections. The conducted research allowed us to justify the optimal frequency of scheduled inspections of buildings for temporary stay (residence) of people, which is 0.59 years. Conclusions. The research allowed to prove that the method of regulating the frequency of scheduled inspections given in the normative legal acts on fire safety cannot be universal for all types of supervisory bodies regardless of the type of prevented danger, and the frequency of scheduled inspections significantly depends on the frequency of scheduled inspections of protection objects in previous years. Keywords: state fire supervision bodies; federal state fire supervision; fire protection condition of defense objects; risk category; number of fires; scheduled inspections; frequency of scheduled inspections; optimal frequency of scheduled inspections; legislation in the field of fire safety.

Introduction. Reducing the fire hazard of woven materials is an urgent task. The main way to reduce the flammability of textile materials of various compositions and purposes is the use of fire retardants – components added to materials of organic origin to provide fire protection. Fire retardant compounds must be selected taking into account the purpose of the finished textile product, the requirements for fire retardant, hygienic, and mechanical characteristics. Due to the specific nature of their use, decorative fabrics intended for furniture upholstery, sewing curtains and curtains, interior decoration, as well as special-purpose fabrics used for the manufacture of special protective clothing against heat and flame are subjected to fire-retardant treatment. The work used antipyretic compounds based on the drugs Pecoflam and Pyrovatex. As additives in order to increase the effectiveness of fire retardants, the drug Covelos, which is silicon dioxide, and the drug Teflon, an organofluorine compound, were introduced into the solutions. The purpose of the study is development of formulations for flame retardant compositions that provide high fire retardant properties of textile materials for various purposes made from natural and synthetic fibers and their mixtures. Research methods. To obtain the results, a comparative system analysis of literature data and experimental results, flammability tests in accordance with state standard GOST R 50810-95, fire resistance tests in accordance with state standard GOST 11209-2014, as well as methods for determining the oxygen index were used. Research results. Fire retardant compounds have been developed for decorative polyester fabrics and the minimum concentrations of Pecoflam and Pyrovatex for special purpose fabrics have been determined. Flammability and fire resistance tests have been carried out. The values of the oxygen index and flame propagation speed were determined for samples of avisent and twill. It has been established that the concentration of Pecoflam to impart fire-retardant properties to avisent fabric is up to 200 g/l, the concentration of Pyrovatex to impart fire-retardant properties to twill fabric is up to 300 g/l. Conclusion. The tests conducted allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of surface fire protection treatment of decorative and special-purpose polyester fabrics using Pecoflam and Pirovatex preparations, which can be implemented at the final finishing stage. Optimum concentrations of the said preparations were determined to reduce the fire hazard of decorative and special-purpose textile materials. Keywords: textile material; fire retardant composition; testing of fabric samples; oxygen index; flame propagation speed.