Microbiological contamination of table egg shells poses an importantpublic health and technological challenge, particularly in the EuropeanUnion, where washing and disinfection of Class A eggs are prohibiteddue to adverse effects associated with previously used sanitisingagents. This study evaluated the efficacy of stable liquid chlorinedioxide (ClO₂) in reducing microbial load on eggshells during storageunder commercial conditions. A total of 200 eggs were dividedinto two groups: a control group (untreated) and an experimentalgroup treated with a fine aerosol of 50 ppm ClO₂. Microbiologicalcleanliness was assessed using total aerobic mesophilic bacterial count(UBAMB) and luminometry at predetermined intervals.Immediatelyafter treatment (day 0), the experimental group showed a pronouncedmicrobiological reduction, with median UBAMB values decreasingfrom 35,000 CFU in the control group to 70 CFU in the treated group(p = 0.029). Significant differences in luminometry values betweenthe groups were observed on days 0 and 14 (p = 0.028; p = 0.025),indicating sustained antimicrobial activity during storage. Within theexperimental group, luminometry values showed significant temporalvariation (p = 0.015), characterised by an increase by day 7, followedby stabilisation by day 14, when values returned to levels comparableto those observed immediately after disinfection (p = 0.980). Nosignificant temporal changes were detected in the control group (p =0.276). Stable liquid chlorine dioxide proved to be an effective andtechnologically acceptable disinfectant, achieving significant microbialreduction without compromising egg integrity. These findings highlightthe potential applicability of ClO2 as a modern, non-destructivesanitising option that addresses microbiological safety concerns whilemeeting the hygienic and regulatory requirements related to table eggproduction. Further research is recommended to assess the internalquality of eggs and to explore broader microbiological indicatorsunder varying storage and environmental conditions.

Post-mortem ocular changes, particularly those affecting thesclera, are valuable indicators in forensic pathology for theestimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) and the evaluationof tissue decomposition. Previous studies have shown that darkscleral spots can appear within hours after death, influencedby eyelid position and environmental conditions. Our researchaimed to examine how postmortem scleral changes progressover time and whether they are affected by environmental orphysiological factors.Twelve Wistar rats were divided into four groups: K – controlgroup, autopsy performed immediately after death (n=3); A – 24-hour postmortem interval (n=3); B – 48-hour interval (n=3); C -72-hour interval (n=3). All rats died by asphyxia due to hanging.Temperature measured during the study included: antemortemcore temperature, ambient temperature, postmortem coretemperature, postmortem eye temperature, and eye temperatureat autopsy. Each eye sample was examined macroscopically forcorneal and scleral changes relative to the postmortem interval.Ambient temperature significantly influenced the postmortembody temperature of the rats. With increasing postmorteminterval, ocular changes, such as corneal dryness and appearanceof scleral spots, became more pronounced.This pilot study demonstrated that, despite anatomicaldifferences from human cadavers, the Wistar rat model providesa reliable experimental framework for studying postmortemscleral changes and related temperature patterns. These findingscan enhance forensic investigations and support future researchon ocular indicators of the postmortem interval.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the fundamental legal framework for animal protection is the Law on Animal Protection and Welfare (Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina, No. 25/09 and 9/18). This law represents a significant step forward, establishing basic ethical standards for the treatment of experimental animals. The aim of this paper was to present the current legislative framework governing animal experiments in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its implementation in practice.

This study investigated the effects of orally administered serratiopeptidase on motor activity, coordination, exploratory behavior and anticonvulsant potential against pilocarpine induced seizure model in mice. Male Swiss albino mice (n=8per group) at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg via oral gavage for a period of 15 days. A control group received an equivalent volume of distilled water. Motor activity was assessed using the open field test, with horizontal activity (number of squares crossed) and vertical activity (number of rearing) were recorded. Motor coordination and exploratory behavior were evaluated using negative geotaxis and a head-pocking test. Then mice were intraperitoneally administered with (200mg/kg) of pilocarpine. The onset of convulsion, number of convulsions and survival rate were assessed. Diazepam (1mg/kg) served as positive control. The results demonstrated an increase in both horizontal and vertical activity in all serratiopeptidase-treated groups compared to the control group. Improvements were also observed in negative geotaxis and head-pocking tests, suggesting enhanced motor coordination and exploration. Serratiopeptidase significantly delayed the onset of convulsions and reduced the number of seizures compared to the negative control. The 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of serratiopeptidase demonstrated comparable efficacy to diazepam in reducing seizure severity and improving survival. These findings suggest that oral suggest that oral administration of serratiopeptidase may positively modulate motor function in mice, furthermore serratiopeptidase possesses anticonvulsant properties and may be a potential therapeutic agent for seizure disorder. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the exact mechanism of action and to explore the translational relevance of these findings.

Stringhalt is characterised by delayed protraction and excessive flexion of the hock during progression and may affect one or both pelvic limbs. No instances of stringhalt in Nigeria have been reported. Stringhalt, a rare neuromuscular disorder in horses, underscores the importance of documenting cases to enhance collective understanding. The present case aimed to describe the successful management of idiopathic stringhalt in a 14-year-old Thoroughbred gelding. The 500-kg gelding in a stable of 20 horses exhibited sudden abnormal movements in the right hind leg, noticed three days prior. The horse displayed normal vital parameters, exhibiting a distinct gait with moderate hyperflexion in the affected hind limb during walking and trotting. Based on the history and clinical examination, the diagnosis was unilateral idiopathic stringhalt, grade III.The horse received intravenous phenytoin sodium (15 mg/kg) and intramuscular multivitamin and amino acids injection (15 ml/ horse) for five days, leading to the complete resolution of clinical signs and the resumption of normal activity. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing idiopathic stringhalt in horses. The successful outcome with phenytoin sodium and multivitamin supplementation highlights their efficacy. Further studies on stringhalt's aetiology in Nigeria are warranted.

Risk of chronic clinical mastitis could be enhanced by insidious subclinical mastitis (SCM) in urban smallholder goat herds. This study was a cross-sectional survey of apparently healthy lactating Sahel does (February-March, 2023) for prevalence of SCM using California mastitis test (CMT) and bacterial culture of normal milk in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Positive CMT was graded as +1 [mild], +2 [moderate], or +3 [severe]. Standard procedures for cultural isolation and identification of bacteria were followed. Prevalence of SCM was 38% (95% CI, 26.9-52.2) from 100 does, with the parity-specific prevalence (18.7-75.0%) decreasing (p < 0.05) from 50.0% at 1st parity to 18.7% at 3rd parity and increasing (p < 0.05) to 75.0% at 6th parity. Parity was not significantly (P > 0.05) associated with the prevalence. Most of the cases (71.1%, 27/38) were mild. The CMT diagnosis was significantly (p < 0.0001) associated with bacterial isolation from the milk samples. Isolation rate was 92.1% (35/38) in SCM cases, but CMT negative milk samples had isolation rate of 4.8% (3/62). Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus spp were isolated singly in 26.3% and 10.5% of 100 samples, respectively. Both Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus spp were isolated together in 63.2% of the samples. Out of 34 isolates of Staphylococcus spp, 24 (70.6%) were coagulase positive. Staphylococci (89.5%, 34/38) and streptococci (73.7%, 28/38) isolation rates did not differ (χ2 = 3.118; p < 0.077). Therefore, prevalent population of SCM cases among healthy lactating Sahel goats with intramammary infections should be controlled to prevent escalation to clinical mastitis.

Geometric morphometry, a powerful method for analysing structural shapes, has become increasingly significant in various disciplines, including anatomy, morphology, and clinical medicine. Unlike traditional morphometric approaches, geometric morphometry offers a comprehensive understanding of shape structure, particularly when enhanced by 3D imaging techniques. In this study, we explored the potential of this method in a clinical setting, applying it to post-operative evaluations of surgically treated bones. Utilizing computerized tomography (CT) scans, we compared the shapes of surgically treated bones to their healthy, symmetrical counterparts, focusing on the changes that occurred during the healing process. The study involved CT images from patients who had previously undergone bone surgery, sourced from the archives of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Veterinary Faculty Animal Hospital. Advanced software tools, including Slicer and the ALPACA module, were employed to generate 3D models and facilitate precise comparisons between operated and non-operated bones. Our findings revealed that while shape deformations in control group bones were minimal, surgically treated bones exhibited more pronounced changes. These deformations were often localized to regions affected by surgery, suggesting that the method is effective in detecting post-operative alterations. The computerized approach used in this study not only allowed for detailed morphological analysis but also demonstrated the potential for future applications in clinical practice. As technology continues to advance, integrating computerized methods with anatomical studies can enhance the accuracy of surgical evaluations and improve patient outcomes. This study highlights the importance of combining anatomical knowledge with computer-assisted techniques to develop more effective clinical tools for assessing surgical success.

The development of technology and different imaging techniques has contributed to the development of science in general. Imaging has also found application in anatomy. Aim of this research was the application of three-dimensional models of the human skulls in analysis of sex differences of the midsagittal line. The research was performed on 211 three-dimensional models (3D) of human skulls from the Bosnian population (139 male and 72 female skulls). 3D models were obtained by scanning the skulls using a laser scanner. On 3D, seven nonpaired landmarks in the area of the midsagittal line were marked using Landmark Editor program. The position of the marked landmarks was used for analysis of sex differences in the shape of the midsagittal line and for analysis of sex differences of maximum sagittal diameter in the area of the midsagittal line (maximum cranial length, glabella-opisthion). Geometric morphometrics was performed to analyze shape differences of the midsagittal line betweenthe sexes, and the results of correct classification test showed statistically significant differences. Sex determination using the shape of the midsagittal line was possible with 66.19% accuracy for male skulls and 62.5% for female skulls (p&lt;0.001). Results of regression analysis showed a statistically significant effect of size of the midsagittal line on its shape. Results of univariate analysis showed statistically significant differences between the sexes (p&lt;0.001). The application of three-dimensional models of the skulls for sex determination based on the midsagittal line showed statistically significant differences between the sexes.