common property Research Articles (Page 1)

ABSTRACT Given Hegel’s well-known praise of private property, there is a surprising, and often under-emphasized, fact about his vision for rational social life: namely that most social members will own all their property in common with others – specifically with their family members. Indeed, by far the majority of social members in Hegel’s rational state will be embedded in familial property unions: acting not as sole proprietors, but rather as ‘representatives’ of an underlying property collective, for which they bear legal and ethical responsibility. My thesis in this paper is that, perhaps because of this seeming tension, the prevalence of collective property in Hegel’s Ethical Life has not been emphasized enough – but that it is, in fact, crucial to Hegel’s view and of philosophical relevance for us today. In particular, I argue that, on a closer look, the prevalence of collective ownership in rational Ethical Life is (i) consistent with Hegel's praise of private property, (ii) central to Hegel’s overall economic view (especially the ‘taming’ of the market), and (iii) relevant for our thinking about private property and its social place today.

Alienation is seen as endemic to the labour process and organizations. Put simply, if workers do not own the means, conditions and results of production they will remain alienated from their product, productive activity, species being and fellow human and non-human others. Some scholars have highlighted that, through their structures of democratic control and collective ownership of the means, conditions and results of labour, worker cooperatives reverse the capital-labour relationship to create a non-exploitative class process and therefore hold possibilities for ‘disalienation’. However, the idea that worker cooperatives can be ‘disalienating’ is by no means universally accepted, with others arguing that subsumption of labour to capital can only be partially addressed through a cooperative’s internal structure. Central to this debate is a worker cooperative’s position within the capitalist market, and we argue, their use of wage labour. This article, based on an 18-month ethnography with 2 worker cooperatives, addresses the question: To what extent are members of worker cooperatives, engaged in wage labour, able to resist the forces of alienation?

Abstract Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit unique optical properties due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), making them valuable for applications in nanophotonics, sensing, and biomedicine. This study investigates the formation of ordered AuNP monolayers on Au/Si(100) substrates with controlled roughness prepared by magnetron sputtering and thermal evaporation. We examine how substrate morphology influences nanoparticle organization and analyze collective optical properties using reflection spectroscopy. Ordered AuNP ensembles were formed at the air/water interface and transferred onto Au/Si(100) substrates. Our results demonstrate that substrate roughness significantly affects monolayer packing density and uniformity. Reflection spectra revealed two characteristic resonances: an LSPR peak at ~525 nm and a low-energy resonance at ~800 nm associated with collective particle-substrate interactions. Significantly, encapsulation with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) molecules suppressed the long-wavelength resonance. Comparative analysis with colloidal AuNP dimers suggests charge-mediated interactions in plasmon resonance formation. These findings demonstrate effective control of collective plasmonic modes through substrate morphology tuning and nanoparticle surface functionalization, offering promising avenues for developing advanced optical materials and sensor platforms.

The question on the reproducibility of evolutionary processes is primarily of fundamental importance; however, with the development of methods for modeling evolutionary processes on computer multilevel models, an answer to this question is necessary to clarify the status of the predictions obtained. Experimental obtaining of ensembles of evolutionary outcomes for subsequent statistical processing on real biological systems seems to be impracticable. At the same time, the results obtained on multilevel computer models are difficult to interpret due to their complexity and the dependence of modeling results on a variety of parameters. This work is aimed at identifying common properties of evolving systems using a simple heuristic model based on transparent general principles and ideas about the key properties of biological systems that are important for the evolutionary process. Agents undergoing evolutionary changes are recurrent neural networks with a well-defined structure, a given function, and a specific rule for modifying the structure in the direction of maximum fitness. A separate instance of a neural network formed during the evolutionary process is called neural network model object (NNMO). Computational experiments have been carried out to generate ensembles of NNMO structures performing a given function, and the patterns of NNMO distribution in the structural space have been analyzed. This analysis confirms the presence of functional symmetry in the structure of NNMOs performing the same function. An assessment of the stability and reproducibility of individual evolutionary trajectories has been carried out. It is shown that under certain constraints leading to a reduction of the complexity of the NNMO structure (analogous to a narrow environmental specialization), the final NNMO structures may be close, but not identical. This suggests an inaccurate reproduction of the evolution of the structure with functional equivalence. Nevertheless, it can be argued that in the general case, the very ability for evolutionary change is possible with the redundancy of the potential complexity of the structure over the functional complexity and automatically entails a multiplicity of evolutionary outcomes based on the fact that the same function can be implemented by different, but functionally invariant structures.

From the 1990s onwards, ethnic minorities in Latin America have been granted collective property rights to protect their natural livelihoods and culture from extractivism and armed conflict. In the Colombian case, this legal innovation was largely the product of Afro-Colombian communities’ activism around cultural identities whose legal outcomes have been celebrated in post-development literature as evidence for subaltern groups regained self-determination and emancipation from unsustainable extractivist development models and violence. While other authors have since pointed to collective land rights’ essentializing tendencies and actual limitations in challenging extractive capitalism, including the Colombian drug economy, less attention has been given to what explains their limited outcomes in securing alternative livelihoods. Drawing on evidence from two Afro-Colombian communities, this article argues that ethnic land rights tend to disregard the communities’ own material entanglement with extractivist capitalism and that this complicates the search for effective ways of securing ethnic communities’ livelihoods.

Drug discovery is a very time-consuming and costly endeavour due to its huge design space and to the lengthy and failure-fraught process of bringing a product to market. Automating the generation of candidate molecules exhibiting some of the desired properties can help. Among the standard formats to encode molecules, SMILES is a widespread string representation. We propose a constraint programming model showcasing the grammar constraint to express the design space of organic molecules using the SMILES notation. We show how some common physicochemical properties --- such as molecular weight and lipophilicity --- and structural features can be expressed as constraints in the model. We also contribute a weighted counting algorithm for the grammar constraint, allowing us to use a belief propagation heuristic to guide the generation. Our experiments indicate that such a heuristic is key to driving the search towards desired molecules.

Supraparticles (SPs) are assemblies of smaller particles, and they form an interesting material class. One way through which these structures can be formed is self-assembly (SA) in spherical confinement, and what makes them unique is that they combine the properties of the smaller particles with collective properties arising from the length scale on which these smaller particles are ordered. Additionally, the limited number of particles in an SP enables them to form structures that are not found in bulk systems. An example of this is icosahedral symmetry, which is the equilibrium structure for SPs up to several hundreds of thousands of particles. Although these icosahedral structures have been investigated through computer simulations and several experimental techniques have been used to analyze them in 3D, the number of experimental datasets published is so limited that no statistically relevant conclusions have been drawn so far. The experimental technique most commonly applied to study them is scanning electron microscopy (SEM), but with this, only quantitative information about the surface of the SPs can be obtained. By using a combination of 3D confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy on extremely well-index-matched (within 0.002) fluorescent core-shell, colloidal silica spheres (of 442-478 nm in diameter with polydispersities below 1%), we obtained full 3D real-space datasets of tens of SPs within several hours. The structures were classified based on bond order parameters and deviations from local centrosymmetry, using an unsupervised machine learning model. From this, we are able to correctly classify structures that are commonly misidentified using SEM. Additionally, the quantitative real-space analysis gave experimental insights into the SA pathway and defect formation mechanisms of mostly icosahedral SPs.

Geographical Indications (GI) are collective Intellectual Property (IP) awarded to a group of producers from a specific origin, whose products possess a particular quality and reputation. Consumer-driven data is crucial for generating income among producers, especially those in revival stage of growth. To understand consumer behaviour towards GI products, with a focus on emerging economies, this systematic literature review examines publications from 2000 to 2025. Guided by the PRISMA statement, the Scopus and Web of Science databases were used to gather literature on consumer behaviour towards GI, focusing on certified products from emerging nations. The inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 56 suitable articles. The study was based on the Theories-Contexts-Characteristics-Methods (TCCM) Framework. Findings show that origin labelling, product attributes, and price influence consumer preferences towards GI, with many showing a high willingness to pay a premium. Lack of awareness, attachment to the place of origin, and perceived value are notable in emerging countries. A conceptual framework was developed based on these factors. This consumer-based model that fosters loyalty towards GI producers suggests a broader view of GI as a collective brand. Understanding consumer behaviour towards enterprises with GI certification, benefits local producer groups and policymakers in these economies.

ConspectusThe self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) endows the resulting assembles with unique collective optical, electrical, and magnetic properties beyond the individual NPs. Nanoscale colloidal molecules (CMs) and colloidal polymers (CPs), which use NPs as building blocks to mimic the structural features of conventional molecules and polymers, have attracted significant attention due to their extraordinary collective properties, making them promising candidates for applications in sensing, catalysis, electronics, photonics, and energy harvesting. However, achieving precise nanoscale assembly of NPs into well-defined architectures such as CMs and CPs remains challenging. Polymer-grafted NPs (PGNPs), also known as hairy NPs, offer a versatile and practical platform for constructing such assemblies due to their hybrid organic–inorganic nature. More importantly, polymers used as surface ligands offer several key advantages: (i) they provide a wide range of interactions, tunable responsiveness, and excellent biocompatibility; (ii) their size is comparable to that of NPs, providing improved control over the NP assembly; (iii) their long, flexible chains enhance the colloidal stability of both individual NPs and their assemblies; and (iv) their intrinsic self-assemble behavior can enrich complexity and diversity of the final assemblies. Despite these benefits, challenges remain in developing precise and controllable strategies for assembling PGNPs into well-defined CMs and CPs, as well as in fully understanding the underlying formation mechanisms.In this Account, we summarize recent advances in the design and fabrication of CMs and CPs by employing PGNPs as building blocks. We begin by outlining the conformational behaviors of polymers capped on the NP surfaces and the three typical synthetic approaches for PGNPs: “grafting to”, “grafting from”, and one-pot synthesis. In the second section, we present the directional self-assembly of spherical PGNPs into CMs and CPs, with emphasis on the manipulation of interparticle interactions, including chemical reaction-induced recognitive interaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and halogen bonding. The third section focuses on shape-anisotropic PGNPs and their unique self-assemble behavior. In the fourth section, we discuss the formation mechanisms of these assemblies with the assist of the time-dependent experimental studies and computational simulations. The fifth section highlights strategies for preparing plasmonic CM superlattices and discuss their emerging collective properties. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in this field and offer perspectives on future research directions.

With the increasing prevalence of employees collaborating with robots, this study examines the negative service implications of such collaborations in the hospitality context. Drawing on theories of mind perception, self-identity, and psychological ownership, this research investigates how and when employee-robot collaboration leads to service sabotage. Data were collected from 332 frontline employees in the hospitality sector who collaborate with robots during customer service. The results show that a higher extent of employee-robot collaboration increases perceived agency of robots, which in turn heightens the employees’ perception of self-identity threat. This self-identity threat leads employees to engage in deviant behaviors like service sabotage. Employees’ collective psychological ownership was found to buffer the impact of self-identity threat on service sabotage. The findings of the study offer important implications for researchers and hospitality managers in designing effective employee-robot teams and mitigating the negative consequences of hybrid service systems. • Employee-robot collaboration enhances perceived agency of robots. • Perceived agency leads to employees perceiving threat to self-identity. • Threat to self-identity causes service sabotage. • Collective psychological ownership reduces the impact of self-identity threat on service sabotage.

The combination of Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) of meat and fat samples and principal component discriminant analysis (DAPC) has been proposed as a tool for discriminating the local production of autochthonous pig breeds. Spectral samples (n = 272) belonging to 11 local European pig breeds, Longissimus muscle, and subcutaneous fat (both intact and minced) are collected. Classification accuracy based on DAPC was applied on FT-NIRS to predict breed of origin in i) semi-external cross-validation, splitting the data into training (80 %) and testing (20 %) sets; ii) external validation, in which one breed at a time was excluded from model training and classified in one of the remaining breeds. The effect of varying sample sizes from 50 % to 100 % of the data was assessed. Almost all breeds' spectra variability was summarised into two principal components for tissue and sample preparation. In cross-validation, intact fat yielded higher classification accuracies than intact meat, with less pronounced differences in minced samples. Success assignment rates of ∼81–83 % were obtained for two breeds in intact meat samples and were higher than 83 % for five breeds in fat samples. For minced samples, correct assignments between 80 % and 100 % were possible for five breeds, both in meat and fat samples. Sample size marginally affected the results. External validation confirmed similarity among some breeds, with greater accuracy for fat samples. The assignments success provides encouraging results for discriminating local pig production, mainly based on fat, using a rapid, eco-friendly FT-NIRS method, which could serve as tool for quality assurance. • FT-NIRS on meat and fat is promising in the discrimination of autochthonous breeds. • Common NIR spectra properties, allowed to summarise almost all of the variability. • Fat performed better results than meat for the breed assignment success. • Differences in sample presentation: lower performance of intact samples.

This study analyzes the social barriers preventing artisans in Girilayu Batik Village, Central Java, from securing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection for traditional batik knowledge. Using a qualitative approach with purposive sampling and in-depth interviews with seven key informants conducted between June and August 2024, the study identifies three main constraints: the absence of a collective artisan identity required for legal classification and representation, the incompatibility of oral knowledge transmission with formal IPR requirements, and the lack of unified institutional structures for registration. Drawing on Bourdieu’s framework, the findings show that fragmented habitus and weak social capital hinder the transformation of embodied cultural capital into institutionalized legal protection. The study demonstrates structural incompatibilities between existing IPR laws and traditional knowledge systems and underscores the need for sui generis legislation that accommodates collective ownership, oral transmission, and cultural significance.

Quaternion-valued neural networks (QVNNs) that have multiple types of delays (leakage, time-varying, distributed, and neutral) and defined on time scales are discussed in this paper. Quaternions form a 4D normed division algebra and allow for a better representation of 3D and 4D data. QVNNs have been proposed and applications have appeared lately. Time-scale calculus was developed to allow the joint treatment of systems, or any hybrid mixing of them, and was also applied with success to the analysis of dynamic properties for neural networks (NNs). Because of its generality, encompassing the common properties of discrete-time (DT) and continuous-time (CT) NNs, time-scale NNs dynamics research does not benefit from a fully-developed Lyapunov theory. So, Halanay-type inequalities have to be used instead. To this end, we provide a novel generalization of inequalities of Halanay-type on time scales specifically suited for neutral systems, i.e., systems with neutral delays. Then, this new lemma is employed to obtain sufficient conditions presented both as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and as algebraic inequalities for the exponential stability and exponential synchronization of QVNNs on time scales with the mentioned delay types. The model put forward in this paper has a generality which is appealing for practical applications, in which both DT and CT dynamics are interesting, and all the discussed types of delays appear. For both the DT and CT scenarios, four numerical applications are used to illustrate the four theorems put forward in this research.

While irrational beliefs cluster together, their content differs widely, from beliefs about collective memories shaping biological properties (pseudoscientific) to those about premonition (extrasensory). This difference might extend further-they might reflect a similar information processing style but be differently embedded in worldviews; for example, pseudoscientific beliefs are typically endorsed by conservatives. Across three studies (two preregistered) in two post-conflict countries (total N = 1042), followed by an internal meta-analysis, we investigated whether pseudoscientific and extrasensory perception beliefs (1) are related to a less analytical but more intuitive thinking style, prone to contradictions and fatalistic thinking, but (2) are differentially linked to a conservative, authoritarian and ethnocentric worldview, and (3) are differentially related to past use of non-evidence-based practices, extrasensory perception experiences and civic activism. As expected, both beliefs were similarly predicted by information processing style. However, they were also similarly predicted by authoritarian and, to a lesser extent, ethnocentric views. Moreover, both beliefs were tied to similar behavioural patterns. We argue that the relationship among a conservative worldview, irrational beliefs and socially relevant behaviours is important for understanding how public policies get politicized.

Common ownership and corporate green innovation efficiency-based on a two stage value chain perspective

Affouage is a French ancestral practice of felling wood for domestic use that is primarily found in mountain areas thanks to the survival of collective use rights associated with land commons. In 2025 it was added to the French National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) as defined by UNESCO. The supporting submission highlighted the benefits of affouage for local communities, their living territory and the environment. Much more than just a simple logging operation, affouage is a vector of social cohesion. Its inclusion in the ICH inventory provides an opportunity to highlight not only the little known heritage and local knowledge of mountain areas, but also the system of collective land ownership that generates and perpetuates their cultural specificities, and which local communities are fighting to protect.

Climate Change and Rural Livelihoods: Impact, Challenges and Adaptation 1

Communal intellectual property (IP), encompassing traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, and geographically rooted innovations, plays a significant role in community-based economic development. However, existing IP governance and financing frameworks remain largely individualistic and market-oriented, making them inadequate for addressing the collective, culturally embedded, and long-term nature of communal intellectual assets. This article examines the potential of mudharabah muqayyadah (restricted profit-sharing) as a Sharia-based legal-economic model for financing and governing communal intellectual property in Indonesia. This study integrates doctrinal legal analysis, qualitative field data, and law and economics perspectives to explore the interaction among state IP law, community institutions, and Islamic finance principles. The findings reveal that local communities function as the primary creators, custodians, and governors of communal IP, yet remain structurally excluded from formal IP protection due to limited legal standing and institutional capacity. The study demonstrates that legally recognized community institutions are essential for translating social authority into enforceable legal rights and sustainable economic value. Furthermore, mudharabah muqayyadah operates not merely as a financing contract but as a governance mechanism that aligns economic incentives with collective ownership, distributive justice, and cultural preservation. By restricting the use of capital to specific purposes, this model reduces transaction costs, mitigates moral hazard, and enhances long-term sustainability. This article contributes to socio-legal and intellectual property scholarship by reframing communal IP financing as a governance challenge rather than a purely commercial endeavor. From a policy perspective, it offers an alternative, ethically grounded framework for inclusive and sustainable IP governance in developing and Muslim-majority jurisdictions

Preventing and mitigating stock price crash risk has been a persistent focus in academic research. Targeting the ownership structure characteristic of common institutional ownership, this study empirically examines its impact on stock price crash risk using a sample of A-share listed companies from 20011 to 2023.The findings reveal that firms with common institutional ownership can effectively mitigate stock price crash risk, thereby supporting the "collaborative governance hypothesis. "The aforementioned conclusions remain valid after robustness checks using alternative models. Mechanism tests reveal that information transparency and corporate governance level play partial mediating roles in the relationship between common institutional ownership and stock price crash risk.

Abstract Beyond the common charge property, spin regulation is also critical to improve the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis that involves electron spin‐related conversion from singlet OH − /H 2 O to triplet O 2 . Rare earth (RE) elements show great potential for spin‐magnetic tuning due to their rich unpaired 4f electron and tunable spin‐orbit coupling, but they still lack well‐defined typical models for systematic spin investigation. Herein, a spin‐magnetic regulating strategy is defined based on in‐plane creation of atomic‐disperse RE‐doped ultrathin nanosheets (UNSs), via coupling Gd 3+ dopants with adjacent Ni/O vacancies to create bounded magnetic polarons (BMPs) within the ultrathin nano‐regime. The overlapped BMPs generate unique short‐range spin exchange and long‐range ferromagnetic ordering, enhancing the spin polarization of active sites. Thereby, they represent an efficient and robust “spin filter” that promotes consistent spin‐selective electron extraction/transfer during the electrochemical reconstruction‐involved OER process. Furthermore, the Gd‐doped UNSs serve as spin‐filtering support for anchoring RuO 2 , achieving high activity with ultralow overpotential of 208.4 mV at 100 mA cm −2 and long‐term stability over 100 h in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer, superior to most state‐of‐the‐art catalysts.