Agence de la transition écologique

Abstract This paper addresses energy‐efficient production scheduling in a flexible flow shop by integrating advanced energy flexibility strategies. A smart manufacturing setting is considered, with energy supplied from multiple sources: grid electricity with time‐of‐use pricing, photovoltaic generation, and an energy storage system. In addition, a demand bidding mechanism allows the facility to submit curtailment capacity bids during periods of power system stress, reducing electricity load in exchange for financial incentives. Two exact optimization approaches are investigated: a mixed integer linear programming model and a hybrid method integrating constraint programming. Computational experiments are conducted on a dedicated benchmark and compared with genetic algorithm, tabu search, and ant colony optimization approaches. Results show that the hybrid method consistently delivers high‐quality solutions, achieving the best relative gap below 1% for all instance sizes, while metaheuristics remain competitive in terms of computation time with small relative gaps.

The maritime transport sector's reliance on fossil-based fuels remains a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable alternatives such as marine biofuels. Thermochemical pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste represents a promising route for producing renewable and recycled marine fuel feedstocks. This review provides an integrated analysis of the full production and upgrading chain, encompassing pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and polymer-derived resources, catalytic upgrading, and qualitative evaluation of product distribution and yield trends. Particular emphasis is placed on montmorillonite-based catalysts as naturally abundant, low-cost, and environmentally benign alternatives to conventional zeolites. The review systematically examines the influence of key montmorillonite modification strategies, including acid activation, pillaring, and ion-exchanged, on acidity, textural properties, and catalytic performance in catalytic cracking and hydrodeoxygenation processes. The analysis shows that catalyst modification strongly governs the yield, selectivity, and reproducibility of biofuels. By adopting this integrated perspective, the review extends beyond existing works focused on isolated upgrading steps or zeolitic catalysts. Key research gaps are identified, particularly regarding long-term catalyst stability, deep deoxygenation of real bio-oils, and compliance with marine fuel standards.

Numerous studies have highlighted anaerobic digestion's (AD) role in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but no one has thoroughly considered its long-term soil organic carbon effects nor compared these emissions to the most frequent alternative biomass use, i.e. soil burial. Using a spatially explicit modelling approach combining an anaerobic digestion and a soil carbon model, we assessed the long-term impact on GHG net emissions of agricultural biomass AD vs. direct soil burial at the national scale of France. We found that AD more efficiently mitigated GHG net emissions than direct burial, primarily through fossil fuel substitution and lowered manure storage emissions. Interestingly, we found that while AD initially reduced soil carbon storage compared to direct burial, both usages converged in the long-term. Biogas grid injection could save 10.8 Mt. CO2 eq/year at the national scale of France, potentially reaching 17.1 Mt. CO2 eq/year with widespread cover crops (amounting to respectively 2.6 and 4.1% of national GHG emissions). This study provides valuable perspectives for fostering sustainable development within the AD sector as well as a methodology that can be adapted to diverse agricultural and geographical contexts.

The production of myco-composites, sustainable materials formed by fungal growth through lignocellulosic substrates, requires efficient fungal colonization of the feedstock. This study highlights the potential of steam explosion (SE) as an effective pretreatment to enhance the bioavailability of beech wood components for myco-composite production. Wood samples were subjected to steam explosion under four different severities (R0 3.36; R0 3.65; R0 3.94; R0 4.24), and their chemical composition and microstructure were analyzed by dynamic image analysis, scanning electron microscopy, drop shape analysis, near-infrared spectroscopy, and anionic chromatography. By modifying the chemical composition and microstructure of wood particles, SE improves substrate accessibility for fungal colonization and generates a nutrient medium with minimal inhibitory compounds, promoting optimal fungal growth. Our findings reveal that Trametes versicolor exhibits its highest growth rate and larger hyphal diameters (1.3 vs 0.5 μm) on beech wood particles treated at intermediate severities (R0 3.36–3.94) with growth rates increasing by 46% compared to condition R0 4.24 and 138% compared to untreated beech. These results were correlated with a reduction in fine particles (0.7 vs 11.6% at R0 4.24) and better water absorption (28 vs 5% at R0 4.24). The myco-composite produced with R0 3.65 showed 69% thickness recovery compared to 32% (R0 3.36) and 41% (R0 4.24). Fungal growth inhibition occurred at R0 > 3.7, emphasizing the critical window for pretreatment severity. These results demonstrate the importance of substrate characterization in balancing digestibility and nutrient integrity, providing a pathway for the efficient and sustainable myco-composite production from wood and recalcitrant biomass.

Despite the consensus on the importance of considering the bioavailability of metal(loid)s by measuring their bioaccessibility when assessing exposure, integrating these parameters into risk calculations often involves proprietary approaches that lack adequate justification. This is the case with the in vitro unified bioaccessibility method (UBM), which is widely used in Europe to assess the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in the event of soil ingestion. This study proposes a comprehensive operational approach that incorporates bioaccessibility to refine human exposure and risk assessments. A pilot study of 45 Pb-contaminated soil samples collected in and around Paris highlighted the importance of carefully following soil preparation protocols. Specifically, sieving the soil to 250µm without mechanical milling is recommended for determining both bioaccessible and total concentrations. A simplified test using dilute hydrochloric acid can predict the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s in first-tier screening. This affordable, single-extraction method is easy to use in analytical laboratories and is both fast and reproducible. For second-tier validation studies, the UBM protocol should be applied to a limited number of samples. With the new approach, the relative bioavailability can be directly calculated using an in vivo/in vitro equation in the stomach compartment, thus, enabling UBM validation. The results of the pilot study demonstrated that to refine exposure assessments, adjusting chronic daily intake using relative bioavailability data was more effective than were classical approaches based on total concentrations. This method offers a promising perspective for stakeholders in managing polluted sites and soils.

Abstract In the Global North, materials production accounts for a limited share of territorial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and national low‐carbon strategies typically focus on direct emissions in the energy, transport, buildings, and agricultural sectors. However, GHG emissions from materials production represent a significant portion of global emissions and are predominantly embodied in imports for these countries. This paper estimates and maps the carbon footprint of materials production (CFM) for France, serving as a representative case study of the Global North, for both the current situation and future scenarios. Our findings indicate that in 2015, the CFM accounted for 3 tCO2eq per capita, of which almost 90% were indirect emissions embodied in imports, while emissions from domestic materials production accounted for only 0.7 tCO2eq per capita. The CFM is notably distributed across all final consumption sectors, including purchased services, with heterogeneous contributions from different material types. Moreover, the latest national net‐zero emissions strategy is projected to reduce the total French carbon footprint by only half by 2050, with 60% of the remaining GHG emissions corresponding to an unchanged CFM from 2015 to 2050. Based on a detailed mapping of present and projected carbon footprints across supply chains and trade, we identify critical areas for policy intervention. Beyond standard international collaborations and incentives aimed at reducing the carbon content of imports (e.g., Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, climate clubs, and climate finance), domestic policies fostering greater circularity and reindustrialization, coupled with shifts toward lower‐demand lifestyles, emerge as essential strategies for effectively diminishing the CFM.

L’idée d’une éthique professionnelle pour les personnes enseignantes a du mal à émerger en France, et ce pour de nombreuses raisons. Pour travailler cette idée, nous proposons ici de déplacer notre regard à l’extérieur des frontières nationales, et de comprendre comment ce domaine se développe au Québec. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’établir un tour d’horizon de la formation en éthique professionnelle enseignante (ÉPE) au Québec, pour les personnes étudiantes qui se destineraient au métier d’enseignant au primaire. Pour ce faire, nous nous intéressons à la formation initiale que les universités québécoises offrent dans ce domaine, au sein des parcours d’enseignement des facultés et départements d’éducation. À partir des rares données publiquement disponibles, et donc accessibles pour ces personnes étudiantes, notre analyse présente les objectifs de cette formation, les lieux et les programmes où elle se réalise, ainsi que les ressemblances et divergences de contenu de ces formations en fonction des universités québécoises.