Al-Arab Medical University

Pleural effusion is a common clinical condition with a wide differential diagnosis, ranging from benign inflammatory processes to advanced malignancy. In some patients, malignant pleural effusion may represent the first manifestation of an underlying lung cancer. Early recognition and systematic evaluation are therefore essential for timely diagnosis and management. We report the case of a fifty eight year old Saudi male who presented with progressive shortness of breath and right sided chest discomfort of three weeks duration. The patient had a long history of cigarette smoking but no previous diagnosis of malignancy. Physical examination revealed reduced chest expansion and markedly diminished breath sounds over the right lower lung zone. Initial chest radiography demonstrated a moderate right sided pleural effusion without a clearly visible lung mass. Further diagnostic evaluation included contrast enhanced computed tomography of the chest, which confirmed a large right sided pleural effusion with partial lung collapse, mild pleural thickening, and a small irregular lesion in the right upper lobe. Diagnostic thoracentesis yielded exudative pleural fluid according to Light criteria. Microbiological studies were negative for bacterial infection and tuberculosis. Cytological examination of the pleural fluid revealed atypical epithelial cells suspicious for malignancy, and repeat analysis supported the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. Subsequent CT guided biopsy of the right upper lobe lesion demonstrated histopathological features consistent with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Management initially focused on symptomatic relief through pleural fluid drainage and supportive care. Following confirmation of the diagnosis, the patient was referred for oncologic evaluation and further staging. This case highlights the importance of considering malignancy in patients presenting with unexplained pleural effusion, particularly in individuals with significant smoking history, and emphasizes the role of pleural fluid analysis and tissue biopsy in establishing the diagnosis.

This research examines the influence of Arabic grammar on the formation of modern linguistic studies by tracing the theoretical and methodological foundations of Arabic grammar and comparing them with the conclusions reached by contemporary linguistics in its approaches and theories. The research is based on the hypothesis that Arabic grammar was not merely a rigid system of rules, but rather a comprehensive linguistic project based on description, analysis, and induction, which makes it ahead of its time in many of its concepts compared to modern linguistic studies. The research reviews the origins and development of Arabic grammar, highlighting its basic concepts such as the factor, inflection, and syntactic structure, and their role in understanding the linguistic system. It then discusses the influences and similarities between Arabic grammar and some modern linguistic trends, such as structuralism, generative grammar, and transformational grammar, especially in issues of deep and surface structure, competence and performance, and the relationship between structure and meaning. The research also addresses the positions of modern linguists on Arabic grammar, between criticism and calls for a contemporary scientific reinterpretation, and emphasizes the importance of drawing on the grammatical heritage in the development of modern linguistic studies, particularly in the fields of discourse analysis, language teaching, and applied linguistics. The research concludes that Arabic grammar remains a knowledge base that can contribute effectively to the construction of a contemporary Arabic linguistic theory based on the integration of authenticity and heritage on the one hand, and modern linguistic research methods on the other.

اجريت التجربة في حظيرة مفتوحة خلال اغسطس وسبتمبر2025 بمنطقة الجبل الغربي, ليبيا, التي تشتهر بتربية الدواجن حيث يعتمد اغلب سكان تلك المنطقة وما جاورها على لحوم الدواجن كمصدر للبروتين الحيواني. وهدفت التجربة الى تحديد تأثير اضافة الكيتوزان قصير السلسلة chitosan oligosaccharide (C6H11NO4)n., على اداء دجاج اللحم. استخدم في التجربة عدد 120 كتكوت عمر يوم واحد, سلالة Cobb, وزعت عشوائيا على ثلاث مجموعات تجريبية بكل مجموعة 40 كتكوت, وقسمت كتاكيت كل مجموعة الى 4 مكررات, بكل مكرر 10 طيور. خصصت المجموعة الاولى لتكون مجموعة الشاهد وغذيت على عليقة بادي اللحم التجارية وبدون اي إضافات, في حين غذيت المجموعة الثانية والثالثة على نفس العليقة المذكورة مع إضافة الكيتوزان قصير السلسلة بوزن 100مليجرام/ كجم علف و200 مليجرام/ كجم علف على التوالي, بعمر 21 يوم تم استبدال العلف البادي بالعلف النامي, استمرت التجربة الى ستة اسابيع, تم وزن الكتاكيت عند عمر يوم, واستمر الوزن اسبوعيا, تم تحديد متوسطات كل من وزن الجسم، وكمية العلف المستهلك، ومعامل التحويل الغذائي لكل معاملة اسبوعياً. في نهاية التجربة جمعت البيانات وحللت احصائيا ووجد ان اضافة الكيتوزان بكمية 200 مليجرام ادى الى زيادة معنوية في وزن الجسم P<0.05)) مقارنة بوزن طيور العليقة الشاهد, وكذلك وزن الطيور التي تغذت على العليقة التي احتوت 100 مليجرام كيتوزان كانت افضل من وزن طيور العليقة الشاهد. ولم تسجل فروق معنوية بين طيور العليقة الشاهد وطيور معاملاتي الكيتوزان في صفتي استهلاك العلف و كفاءة تحويل الغذاء, مع وجود فروق عددية لصالح طيور معاملاتي الكيتوزان. الامر الذي يجعل من الكيتوزان بديل طبيعي مناسب لبعض محفزات النمو الغير مرغوب فيها ولبعض المضادات الحيوية التي تم حضرها في عدة دول بسبب تأثيراتها السلبية على صحة الانسان.

Artemisia herba-alba Asso is a medicinal plant renowned for its therapeutic essential oil. This study characterized the chemical profile and bioactivities of the essential oil from Libyan A. herba-alba. The essential oil, obtained via hydrodistillation with a 2% yield, was analyzed by GC-MS/FID and evaluated for antibacterial (disc diffusion) and anticancer (MTT assay) properties. The oil was dominated by camphor (30.53%) and Thujone (22.47%), classifying it as a camphor-thujone chemotype. It exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; 17.33 ± 1.52 mm), and demonstrated potent, dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with an IC₅₀ of 0.59 mg/mL. The results validate the traditional use of this plant and highlight its potential as a source of antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Abstract Purpose The main purpose of this research is to comprehensively measure and evaluate the perceived service quality of foreign national patients who received services from a private health tourism agency operating in Istanbul, within the framework of the SERVQUAL model [1]. The secondary purpose of the research is to examine in detail the relationships between patients' socio-demographic characteristics, treatment preferences, and travel behaviors and the perceived service quality dimensions. Method The study was designed as a cross-sectional, descriptive, and relational field research. The population of the study consists of 200 foreign national patients who applied for treatment to the targeted private health tourism agency between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022. With a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error, the sample size was calculated as 132 [2], and 132 patients were included in the study using the convenience sampling method. The data collection tools used were: a 6-question demographic information form, a 14-question general information form, and a 42-item SERVQUAL scale originally developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry [1] and comprehensively adapted to the health tourism agency context. The questionnaires were administered face-to-face with the accompaniment of professional translators to overcome cultural and language barriers. The SPSS 25.0 program was used for data analysis; Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted for construct validity, and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was calculated for reliability analysis [3,4]. Due to the non-fulfillment of normality assumptions (Shapiro-Wilk test, p < 0.05), non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H) were utilized for inter-group comparisons [5]. Findings: The vast majority of participants were male (62.9%), aged 46–60 (34.1%), held a bachelor's degree (39.4%), and had a monthly income below 500 USD (42.4%). The overwhelming majority of patients came from the African continent (90.9%), with 78% receiving services for treatment (predominantly surgery 59.1%) and 22% for aesthetic purposes (primarily hair transplantation 52%). 91.7% of patients stated that they obtained hospital and treatment information primarily through the agency. The perceived service quality was generally found to be quite high, with 97% of patients stating they were satisfied with the service and 99% stating they would recommend this service to others. EFA results determined that the scale consisted of five dimensions, consistent with the original (Reliability, Tangibles, Responsiveness, Empathy, Assurance), explaining 45.97% of the total variance. The overall Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.812. No statistically significant difference was found between all demographic variables (gender, age, education, income, marital status, occupation) and the five dimensions of SERVQUAL (p > 0.05). Conclusion The research reveals that the examined health tourism agency provides a stable and high level of service quality and satisfaction in the eyes of the foreign national patients it serves. The prominence of the reliability and assurance dimensions, in particular, confirms that these are the most critical factors for the patient, given the nature of the health tourism industry [6]. The central role of agencies in the patients' information acquisition and decision-making process is clearly emphasized once again in this study [7]. It is understood that Turkey is a highly attractive destination in health tourism, especially for patient groups from the African continent, due to its combination of low-cost and high-quality services [8,9].

Background: After surgery, the LRTIs are significant, as they can result in prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and higher morbidity rates. Aim: This study investigated the risk factors in adult patients aged 20 to 40 who have undergone general anesthesia associated with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Material and method: Data were analyzed from 40 patients who underwent surgery with general anesthesia at Zawia Hospitals in Libya City between May and August 2023. Results: The analysis revealed that diabetes, intraoperative blood transfusions, and the type of surgery performed were significant risk factors for developing lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Notably, diabetic patients were 0.04 times less likely to develop an LRTI compared to non-diabetic patients. Furthermore, receiving blood transfusions and undergoing cholecystectomy were associated with an increased risk of infection. Pathogen analysis indicated a diverse range of infections, with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida species being the most prevalent. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of effectively managing diabetes, carefully considering blood transfusion needs, and choosing appropriate surgical procedures to lower the risk of LRTIs in patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia.

Infectious diseases that involve hepatitis B (HBsAg), hepatitis C (HCV), HIV, and syphilis (VDRL) remain significant worldwide health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Libya serves as both a transit and destination point for migrants, creating a unique context for examining the prevalence of these disorders among migrant workers and Libyan citizens. Comprehending variations in illness prevalence based on nationality and employment is essential for formulating targeted public health interventions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HBsAg, HCV, HIV, and VDRL among migrant workers and Libyan nationals undergoing mandatory occupational health screenings. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Reference Laboratory, Western Mountain, Al-Rajban in Libya between December 2023 and February 2024. A total of 1,656 participants were assessed, including 1,434 migrant laborers and 223 Libyan natives. The VDRL test exhibited the greatest chance at 1.6%, followed by HBsAg at 1.4%, HCV at 0.9%, and HIV at 0.2%. Migrant workers had a greater prevalence of HBsAg at 1.6% and slightly elevated rates of HCV and HIV compared to Libyan residents, who reported no instances of these infections. Occupational research indicated that general workers had the largest disease burden, with statistically significant rates of HBsAg at 2.1%, HCV at 1.4%, and VDRL at 2.1%. Specialized workers had low illness rates, perhaps attributable to superior hygiene practices or underreporting. This research underscores the gap in infectious diseases between migrant workers and Libyan citizens, emphasizing the need for focused screening, enhanced workplace safety, and equitable access to preventive healthcare. The findings underscore the need for occupation-specific health interventions to mitigate risk, particularly for high-risk populations such as general laborers. Future research should include longitudinal studies and a larger sample size to validate these results and enhance global health equality.

تعد مقاومة البكتيريا للمضادات الحيوية مشكلة صحية عالمية متنامية. تسعى الدراسات إلى إيجاد بدائل طبيعية فعالة لمكافحة هذه البكتيريا. يُعد نبات البابونج من النباتات الطبية ذات الخصائص المضادة للبكتيريا. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تأثير مستخلص البابونج )المائي والكحولي( على نمو بعض البكتيريا المسببة للأمراض، واختبار تأثيره التآزري مع للمضادات الحيوية على حساسية الانواع البكتيريا المدروسة. سيث تم اختبار فعالية المستخلصات المائية والكحولية للنبات باستخدام طريقة القرص المشبع على ستة أنواع من البكتيريا الممرضة: الإشريكية الق ولونية، السالمونيلا، الزائفة، الكليبسيلا، المكورات العنقودية الذهبية، المتقلبة. كما تم اختبار تأثير خل المستخلصات المائية والكحولية مع المضادات الحيوية على فعالية هذه المضادات أيضا تم تحليل المكونات الكيميائية للمستخلصات لتحديد المواد الفعالة هذا النبات. أظهرت النتائج ان المستخلص المائي أي تأثير مضاد للبكتيريا، بينما أظهر المستخلص الكحولي فعالية ضد المكورات العنقودية. أظهر المستخلص المائي والكحولي عند خلطها مع بعض المضادات الحيوية زيادة في سساسية معظم البكتيريا للمضادات الحيوية المختلفة، باستثناء Klebsiella التي أظهرت زيادة في المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية TE أظهر تحليل المكونات الكيميائية للمستخلص الكحولي وجود مواد فعالة )قلويدات، صابونين، جليكوسيدات، فينولات( قد تكون مسؤولة عن تأثيره المضاد للبكتيريا. الاستنتاج: لنبات البابونج تأثيرًا مثبطًا على بعض أنوا البكتيريا، بالإضافة إلى تأثير التآ زري مع بعض المضادات الحيوية .

ABSTRACTBackgroundSince the emergence of the coronavirus pandemic in 2019, scientific studies have not stopped to understand the mechanism of several disorders that occurred in patients who were infected with the COVID-19 virus, among these disorders, the most important of which is high blood glucose because of its impact on human health. This study aimed to identify the association between blood glucose concentration and some biochemical variables that lead to high blood glucose in people infected with Covid-19 virus.MethodsThis study was conducted on 100 samples of serum of people who were confirmed to be infected with the COVID-19 virus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. Samples were collected from the Broccoli Isolation Center, the Respiratory Clinic, and the Sebha Medical Center in Sebha city, Libya. The concentration of glucose, insulin, cortisol, triglycerides, cholesterol, CRP and liver enzyme’s activity was measured.FindingsThe results showed that 60% of the patients had an increase in blood glucose concentration, and 40% of the patients had a normal glucose concentration. The levels of insulin, cortisol, CRP, triglycerides, and liver enzyme’s activity were compared between the two groups, and the results showed an increase in the mean concentration of cortisol, triglycerides, CRP and liver enzymes in the group of patients with high glucose concentration compared to the group of patients with a normal concentration of glucose, and the statistical analysis using the t-test showed that there were significant differences between the means (P = 0.000), while the mean insulin concentration was lower in the group of patients with elevated glucose level. The results also showed positive correlation between glucose and cortisol, triglycerides, CRP concentration and GPT, GOT activity.InterpretationPatients infected with the COVID-19 virus had elevated blood glucose concentration associated with decrease in their insulin hormone concentration. In addition, high concentration of biochemical variables that contribute to high blood glucose in patients infected with the COVID-19 virus were noticed.

Diabetes patients frequently experience numerous and serious chronic infections because of their weakened cellular and humoral immune systems. Regrettably, there is insufficient information on the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection among diabetics, especially in southern Libya. This study aimed to determine how frequently these bacteria were infected among diabetes patients in various parts of Ubari. This study was conducted on 150 diabetic patients of both sexes, who visited the health centers in different Ubari areas. Their ages ranged from 20 to 80. Analysis of blood serum samples to measure Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies by the enzymatic immunoassay (ELISA) and the rapid test (cassette rapid test). Biochemistry parameters such as Blood glucose concentration, cumulative glucose, ?-amylase, LDH, Serum cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL, and HDL, as well as the blood group, were also measured. Other data collected was the body mass index. A questionnaire was used to find out some habits, such as smoking, the use of spices in food, and the type and duration of diabetes. Data showed the rate of infection with H. pylori bacteria through immunological testing was 45.33% in both sexes; however, it was significantly higher in males than females, 28% and 17%, respectively. The infection rate was found to be higher in the age group 41–60 years, and there was no significant difference in bacterial infection between patients with type I and type II diabetes (20.7 and 24.7%), respectively. Similarly, there was no effect of body mass index on the rate of infection.