AnatomyWorks (United States)

Osteoarthritis plays a significant role in progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. Aim: This study was performed to assess the role of (BM-MSCS) or glucosamine alone and a combination of both in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups; Group I: Control group (10 rats) were divided equally into subgroup a: rats were fed on a standard diet without any drug. subgroup b: rats were injected by 50 µL physiological saline. Group II: Osteoarthritis group (10 rats) were injected by (MIA) (3 mg/50 µL). Group III: Glucosamine treated group (10 rats) after induction of OA they were given glucosamine sulfate (40 mg/kg/day orally). Group IV: BM-MSCS treated group (10 rats)) after induction of OA they were injected by BM-MSCS 10⁷ cells. Group V: Glucosamine & BM-MSCS treated group (10 rats) after induction of OA they were given glucosamine sulfate and were injected by BM-MSCS. After sacrificing rats at the end of the experiment, articular cartilage samples were prepared for light and electron microscopic examinations. Results: Osteoarthritic rats showed histological changes which were decrease in thickness of cartilage, degenerated chondrocytes and fissuring of matrix. Slightly irregular surface and shrunken chondrocytes which appeared disorganized and few in glucosamine group was observed. Incomplete recovery in the MSCs group while restoration of the thickness, structure, and regular surface of the articular cartilage was detected in glucosamine and BM-MSCS treated groups. Conclusion: Treatment with glucosamine and MSCs showed improved histological architecture of the articular cartilage of osteoarthritic rats.

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of deep subgluteal block (DSGB) for pain relief after posterolateral-approached total hip replacement. The cadaver study and observational case series assessed the spread and outcomes of ultrasound-guided DSGB. Results showed low postoperative pain scores, minimal opioid requirements, and no complications related to DSGB. Anatomical dissection revealed effective spread of the injected substance. These findings suggest that DSGB could be a promising regional analgesic technique for postoperative pain management after posterolateral-approached total hip replacement.

<div>Abstract<p>The CDK5 kinase regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 (CDK5RAP3 or C53/LZAP) regulates apoptosis induced by genotoxic stress. Although CDK5RAP3 has been implicated in cancer progression, its exact role in carcinogenesis is not well established. In this article, we report that CDK5RAP3 has an important prometastatic function in hepatocarcinogenesis. An examination of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples revealed at least twofold overexpression of <i>CDK5RAP3</i> transcripts in 58% (39/67) of HCC specimens when compared with corresponding nontumorous livers. CDK5RAP3 overexpression was associated with more aggressive biological behavior. In HCC cell lines, stable overexpression of CDK5RAP3 promoted, and small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown inhibited, tumorigenic activity and metastatic potential. We found that overexpression of <i>CDK5RAP3</i> and <i>p21-activated protein kinase 4 (PAK4)</i> correlated in human HCCs, and that CDK5RAP3 was a novel binding partner of PAK4, and this binding enhanced PAK4 activity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of PAK4 in CDK5RAP3-expressing HCC cells reversed the enhanced cell invasiveness mediated by CDK5RAP3 overexpression, implying that PAK4 is essential for CDK5RAP3 function. Taken together, our findings reveal that CDK5RAP3 is widely overexpressed in HCC and that overexpression of CDK5RAP3 promotes HCC metastasis through PAK4 activation. <i>Cancer Res; 71(8); 2949–58. ©2011 AACR</i>.</p></div>

Abstract Background Accurate quantification of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectra involves modeling with a linear combination of known metabolite basis functions. Basis sets can be generated by numerical simulation using the quantum mechanical density-matrix formalism. Accurate simulations for a basis set require correct sequence timings, and pulse shapes and durations. Purpose To present a cloud-based spectral simulation tool ‘MRSCloud’. It allows community users of MRS to simulate a vendor- and sequence-specific basis set online in a convenient and timeefficient manner. This tool can simulate basis sets for 3 major MR scanner vendors (GE, Philips, Siemens), including conventional acquisitions and spectral editing schemes (MEGA, HERMES, HERCULES) with PRESS and semi-LASER localization. Study Type Prospective. Specimen N/A Field Strength/Sequence Simulations of 3T basis sets for conventional and spectral-editing sequences (MEGA, HERMES, HERCULES) with PRESS and sLASER localizations. Assessment Simulated metabolite basis functions generated by MRSCloud are compared to those generated by FID-A and MARSS, and a phantom-acquired basis-set from LCModel. Statistical Tests Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to measure the agreement between individual metabolite basis functions generated using different packages. Statistical analysis was performed using R in RStudio. Results Simulation time for a full basis set is approximately 1 hour. ICCs between MRSCloud and FID-A were at least 0.98 and ICCs between MRSCloud and MARSS were at least 0.96. ICCs between simulated MRSCloud basis spectra and acquired LCModel basis spectra were lowest for Gln at 0.68 and highest for NAA at 0.96. Data Conclusion Substantial reductions in runtime have been achieved by implementing the 1D projection method, coherence-order filtering, and pre-calculation of propagators. High ICC values indicated that the accelerating features are running correctly and produce comparable and accurate basis sets. The generated basis set has been successfully used with LCModel.

Background and objectiveInjuries to the parasagittal cerebrovenous structures may lead to devastating complications. Being aware of the inherent anatomical heterogeneity in the region might lower the rate of undesirable outcomes. In this study, our goal was to characterize the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) positioning in relation to the midline and depict tributary bridging veins (BVs) distribution over the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres.MethodsWe performed anatomical dissections of the brain in 10 cadaveric specimens (five females and five males; median age: 52 years, range: 44-74 years). Measurements (in mm) of the SSS width and deviation of its lateral margin from the midline were obtained along the entire length of the structure at six craniometric points [at mid-distance between Nasion and Bregma (½ N-B); at Bregma (B); in the middle of the Bregma-Lambda segment (½ B-L); at Lambda (L); halfway between Lambda and Inion (½ L-I); and at Inion (I)]. The count, diameter, and lateral insertion points of the draining BVs were also documented in three segments [Nasion-Bregma (N-B), Bregma-Lambda (B-L), and Lambda-Inion (L-I)].ResultsThe width of the SSS increased progressively along the direction of the blood flow (p<0.01). There was an SSS lateral deviation bias to the right, but the comparison failed to reach the significance level (p=0.12). The maximal lateralization of the SSS in the pre-Lambdal interval was 13.1 mm on the right side and 11.7 mm on the left side. These values increased up to 19.8 mm and 15.1 mm in the torcular area on the right and left sides, respectively. A total of 191 BVs were identified (a mean of 19.1 ± 2.5 per individual). The L-I segment showed a lower number of BVs as compared to its N-B and B-L counterparts (mean: 0.9 ± 0.6 vs. 8 ± 1.8 and 10.2 ± 2, respectively, p<0.01). Along the entire span of the SSS, the average diameter of the BVs was larger on the right side (mean: 1.4 ± 0.9 mm vs. 1.1 ± 0.8 mm on the left, p<0.01). The average lateralization of BVs dural entry points was lower on the left side in the B-L segment (mean: 5.6 ± 6.4 mm vs. 8.8 ± 6.7 mm on the right, p<0.01). There was a statistically significant trend of decreasing BVs lateralization with each consecutive SSS segment (mean: 10.9 ± 7.4 mm in the N-B segment, 7.3 ± 6.7 mm in B-L, and 1.6 ± 1.2 mm in L-I, p<0.01). The maximal lateral deviation of BVs insertion points was 33.6 mm in N-B, 30 mm in B-L, and 4.1 mm in L-I portions of the SSS.ConclusionsIn most cases, the SSS deviated laterally from the midline, up to 13 mm in the pre-Lambdal segment and up to 20 mm in the torcular area. Right-sided BVs were of larger average diameters. The lateral insertion points of BVs decreased along the rostrocaudal span of the SSS.

Low back pain (LBP) is a common condition. It is estimated that 84% of adults will present LBP symptoms at some point in their lives. Rarely, however, is LPB an indication of a serious medical condition, requiring further investigation. The treatment of non-specific LBP is based on non-pharmacological strategies, e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or skeletal muscle relaxants. The use of epidural steroid injection (ESI) or facet joint injections relieves pain originating from degenerative spine disorders or a disk herniation, thereby providing rapid pain improvement, despite considerable long-term outcomes. Although rare, ESI complications can occur, and infections are infrequently described. This paper describes a rare case of an abscess in the psoas muscle, secondary to facet joint lumbar block. We report a male aged between 30 and 40 years old with LBP, who was submitted to a facet joint and ESI. The procedure evolved into a spinal infection of the psoas muscle. In addition, we present a brief literature review on psoas infections after spinal injection. Infection post facet joint lumbar block is very rare, with few publications in the literature. Early detection and the aggressive broad-spectrum antibiotic course must be initiated until adequate cultures are obtained and antibiotics prolong to at least four weeks.

Breast carcinoma is a multifaceted-etiology malignancy. The presence of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) receptors in breast carcinoma tissue has therapeutic implications. Recent studies indicate that pineal hormone melatonin by its receptor melatonin 1 (MT1) also influences the development and growth of breast cancer cells. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to elucidate the expression pattern of MT1 receptor in relation to estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors in breast carcinoma. Two groups (receptor positive and triple negative) of breast carcinoma were taken. For comparison, normal mammary tissue was used as control. Immunohistochemistry was carried out using anti-melatonin receptor 1A antibody. Membranous/cytoplasmic expression was seen more than the nuclear expression in the cancerous tissue. Positive correlation of the MT1 expression was seen with ER, PR, and HER 2 receptor. Higher MT1 receptor expression was seen in the receptor-positive cases in comparison with triple-negative cases, which might signify melatonin deficiency in the former, leading to reactive increase in cell receptors. No correlation of MT1 expression with Ki67 index or lymph node status in both receptor-positive and triple-negative cases was found. Normal mammary tissue mainly showed cytoplasmic MT1 immunoreactivity of epithelial cells (ducts and acini), myoepithelial cells, and lining epithelium of blood vessels. Receptor-positive cases would, therefore, benefit from the use of melatonin as supporting therapy. This indicates that melatonin receptor status can be used as an independent pathologic indicator to evaluate breast carcinoma tissue, and melatonin receptor status may help to determine treatment protocols.

To investigate the distribution of elastic fibers in lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct of Japanese cadavers. We examined 8 lacrimal sacs and nasolacrimal ducts of 7 Japanese cadavers (4 right sides, 4 left sides; 3 males, 4 females; average age of 89 years at death) that were preserved with 10% buffered formalin. The harvested specimens were transversely sectioned. All specimens were stained with Elastica van Gieson. Micrographs were taken, and then converted to white and black images, and the elastic fiber density of 4 locations (middle and upper levels of lacrimal sac, and middle and lower levels of nasolacrimal duct) was compared. Elastic fibers showed greater distribution in the lamina propria, compared with the submucosal tissue, at all locations (p < 0.001). Elastic fiber density within the lamina propria at the middle lacrimal sac level (13.5% ± 4.3%) was similar to the density observed at the upper lacrimal sac level (13.2% ± 2.3%, p = 0.87) and the lower nasolacrimal duct level (17.8% ± 6.0%, p = 0.088), but was significantly greater than the density observed at the middle nasolacrimal duct level (9.5% ± 3.8%, p = 0.0001). Elastic fibers in the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct are primarily distributed in the lamina propria, with a greater density at the upper and middle lacrimal sac levels, and at the lower nasolacrimal duct level, compared with the middle nasolacrimal duct level. This distribution of elastic fibers likely reflects the magnitude of mechanical stress within the lacrimal drainage system.

The exploration of the hip includes not only intraarticular findings such as synovitis or lesions of the labrum but also the dynamic exploration of the tendons and muscles surrounding it as well as of the neurovascular bundles of interest. All this is an essential complement in the differential diagnosis of the rheumatic patient. The iliopsoas tendon as well as the hip adductors will be demonstrated during the presentation. The anterior and antero internal part of the groin region constitute a relatively frequent consultation and study of the tendinous snapping and its differential diagnosis with the snapping of intraarticular origin can be made by means of the musculoskeletal ultrasound. It requires systematization and knowledge of the regional anatomy.Disclosure of InterestNone declared