Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent genetic kidney disorder. Animal preclinical studies are one of the main tools to study this disease, often through either 2D histology imaging for high-resolution analysis or CT or MRI for full kidney segmentation. As an alternative to these modalities, we propose the use of Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) for high-resolution 3D imaging of healthy and ADPKD-induced mouse kidneys, enabling a detailed volumetric morphological analysis of the disease’s effects. In a mouse ADPKD model, ex vivo imaging of the kidneys was performed through LSFM, after which a combination of machine learning and other processing techniques allowed us to perform an in-depth image analysis. This includes the segmentation of key structures, such as the full kidney volume and, within it, its internal cavities, cortex, glomeruli, and cysts, complemented by texture analysis of tubular structures in the cortical area. Pathological kidneys exhibited significant volume enlargement and increased internal cavities due to cystogenesis. While glomerular count remained stable, their spatial distribution was altered, showing increased interglomerular distances and showcasing the deformations produced by the disease. The texture analysis of tubules from the cortex region identified Local Binary Pattern (LBP) uniformity and porosity as key biomarkers of tissue deformation, which could be used as markers to further evaluate the development of the disease. These findings underscore the potential of LSFM imaging as a powerful tool for detailed ADPKD characterization and treatment assessment.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-24473-y.

Extended reality (XR)-which includes virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR)-is becoming increasingly popular for sharing scientific knowledge. This research evaluates the state-of-the-art in XR for scientific communication. Our two-phase methodology began with a Systematic Literature Review, identifying 94 relevant articles and conference papers from the last decade (2013-2023) sourced from the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. These publications show scholars and practitioners using XR to convey scientific findings, foster awareness, ignite interest, shape opinions, and enhance understanding. In the second phase, we applied data clustering and analysis. Our findings highlight a significant increase in XR studies over the last decade, with the XR technologies used for communication (N = 24), dissemination (N = 23), educational/training (N = 21), and decision-making (N = 10). Our results indicate the need to establish clearer guidelines for aligning science communication and to create more possibilities to publish peer-reviewed research in.

Estimating the steady-state properties of open many-body quantum systems is a fundamental challenge in quantum science and technologies. In this work, we present a scalable approach based on semidefinite programming to derive certified bounds on the expectation value of an arbitrary observable in the steady state of Lindbladian dynamics. We illustrate our method on a series of many-body systems, including paradigmatic spin-1/2 chains and two-dimensional ladders, considering both equilibrium and nonequilibrium steady states. We benchmark our method with state-of-the-art tensor-network approaches that, unlike our method, are only able to provide estimates, with no guarantee, on steady-state quantities. For the tested models, only modest computational effort is needed to obtain certified nontrivial bounds for system sizes intractable by exact methods. Our method introduces the first general numerical tool for bounding steady-state properties of open quantum dynamics, opening an avenue in the understanding of stable configurations in many-body systems.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c02255.].

Abstract The structure and dynamics of important biological quasi-two-dimensional systems, ranging from cytoskeletal gels to tissues, are controlled by nematic order, flow, defects and activity. Continuum hydrodynamic descriptions combined with numerical simulations have been used to understand such complex systems. The development of thermodynamically consistent theories and numerical methods to model active nemato-hydrodynamics is eased by mathematical formalisms enabling systematic derivations and structured-preserving algorithms. Alternative to classical nonequilibrium thermodynamics and bracket formalisms, here we develop a theoretical and computational framework for active nematics based on Onsager’s variational formalism to irreversible thermodynamics, according to which the dynamics result from the minimization of a Rayleighian functional capturing the competition between free-energy release, dissipation and activity. We show that two standard incompressible models of active nemato-hydrodynamics can be framed in the variational formalism, and develop a new compressible model for density-dependent active nemato-hydrodynamics relevant to model actomyosin gels. We show that the variational principle enables a direct and transparent derivation not only of the governing equations, but also of the finite element numerical scheme. We exercise this model in two representative examples of active nemato-hydrodynamics relevant to the actin cytoskeleton during wound healing and to the dynamics of confined colonies of elongated cells.

DNA hybridization is a fundamental molecular reaction with wide-ranging applications in biotechnology. The knowledge of the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic parameters of duplex formation is crucial for quantitative predictions throughout the DNA stability range. It is commonly assumed that enthalpies and entropies are temperature independent, and heat capacity changes ΔCp equal zero. However, it has been known that this assumption is a poor approximation for a long time. Here, we combine single-DNA mechanical unzipping experiments using a temperature jump optical trap with a tailored statistical analysis to derive the ten heat-capacity change parameters of the nearest-neighbor model. Calorimetric force spectroscopy establishes a groundbreaking approach to studying nucleic acids that can be further extended to chemically modified DNA, RNA, and DNA/RNA hybrid structures.

In this work, we introduce and characterize a broad class of quantum operations with a unique fixed point, termed quantum ergodic channels. We derive Lindblad-type master equations for these channels in arbitrary finite dimensions and analyze their non-Markovian dynamics using established measures. When the fixed point is a passive state, the channels exhibit ergotropy dynamics with notable thermodynamic implications. Specifically, under Markovian processes, ergotropy (a measure of the extractable work from a system under unitary evolution) monotonically decreases. However, in non-Markovian dynamics, ergotropy fluctuates, leading to a backflow effect that highlights memory-induced resource recovery. Our findings suggest that this ergotropy backflow could serve as an operationally meaningful indicator of non-Markovianity, offering new perspectives on the interplay between memory effects and thermodynamic behavior in open quantum systems. This study enhances the theoretical framework for understanding energy dynamics under ergodic channels and highlights new avenues for exploring the implications of memory effects in quantum batteries.

Abstract The chemical and physical stability of bio‐hydrogels are of utmost interest to avoid the premature degradation of the polymer and to favor cyclic material operations (i.e., material recovery and re‐using). In this work, the stability of different alginate hydrogels semi‐interpenetrated with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate conducting polymer (Alg/PEDOT), which acts as a photothermal absorber is examined. More specifically, the behavior of Alg/PEDOT hydrogels ionically and covalently crosslinked with Ca2+ ions and glyoxal, respectively, has been compared when used as water purification platforms. The homogenous porosity and higher cycling capacity of the glyoxal‐crosslinked gels provide superior performance for water‐steam generation under sunlight irradiation than that of the ionically stabilized gel. Furthermore, increasing the glyoxal cross‐linking reaction time prove to have little effect on the porosity and the efficiency of freshwater supply from an artificial seawater solution. Covalent cross‐links provide thermal absorber (PEDOT:PSS) retention capacity in artificial seawater, which is critical to maintaining such efficiency with the increasing number of purification cycles. This research opens new frontiers to promote the use of alginate biopolymer in chemical engineering processes such as water desalination, directly addressing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for Clean Water & Life on Land.