Chuvash State University

Using the example of an unique case of emergency elimination in a deformed due to a landslide dam section, which was the base of the main urban pressure water supply pipelines, it is shown that the use of drilling piles made with electric discharge technology (EDT) prevented the soil embankment further destruction and ensured the pressure water pipe system safe operation. The technological cycle of manufacturing EDT drill-injection piles using discharge-pulse pile technology is presented. It is noted that the injected fine-grained concrete which is produced on the construction site just before it is injected into the well must be homogeneous and not delaminate during injection.

Introduction: Adenosine, ADP, and ATP, and, to a lesser extent, UTP are well-known intracellular constituents, intimately involved in all aspects of cell function acting as enzyme cofactors, sources of energy, and building blocks for DNA. The metabolic pathways linking ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine and the potential for each of these purines to elicit distinct receptor-mediated effects on cell function form the basis of a complex, physiologically relevant, purinergic cascade comparable to those involved blood clotting and complement activation.Concentration of purines as neurotransmitters, may be correlated with characteristics of neuraxial block in spinal anesthesia. Methods: We examined 200 pregnant women, who before starting spinal anesthesia for cesarean section was performed over the fence of venous blood. In all patients, along with generally accepted clinical, instrumental and laboratory tests, spectrophotometric determination of the concentrations of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, and malondialdehyde was carried out in samples of venous blood. Take into account the following characteristics of spinal anesthesia administered dose of bupivacaine, speed of onset, depth and height of the spread of spinal block, the need for additional intravenous administration of phenylephrine or norepinephrine. Results: Incidence of post-spinal hypotension was significantly higher in women who had hypouricemia as compared with those with normal serum uric acid levels (25% vs 75%; p < 0.02). Mean serum uric acid levels were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in patients requiring high dose of vasopressors than in those requiring moderate to low dose of vasopressors. Elevated serum uric acid levels is associated with lower incidence of post-spinal hypotension and reduced need of vasopressors. Conclusions: In parturients undergoing cesarean delivery, maternal hypouricemia is associated with higher incidence of post-spinal hypotension and elevated need of vasopressors, hyperuricemia is associated with lower need of vasopressors.

Introduction: As is known, spinal anesthesia is almost always accompanied by a fairly high autonomic sympathetic blockade, which leads to temporary systemic vasodilation and arterial hypotension. In addition, pharmacological denervation of the adrenal glands occurs with subsequent development of temporary suppression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid function with the development of hypoglycemia, hypovolemia, and transient hyponatremia. As a rule, arterial hypotension due to sympathetic blockade during spinal anesthesia is usually corrected by continuous or microbolus administration of adrenomimetics. Manifestations of transient adrenal insufficiency are usually compensated by infusion of sodium-containing crystalloids, sometimes glucose-containing solutions. At the same time, there is a previously well-studied, widely used group of pharmaceuticals - stimulants of the respiratory, vasomotor centers, adrenal glands - methylxanthines. Methods: We studied the effects of 200 mg of subcutaneously administered caffeine on the severity of arterial hypotension, postspinal headache, hypoglycemia during spinal anesthesia for pain relief of cesarean section in 30 patients without significant pathology. The control group consisted of 30 women in labor who were administered only an adrenomimetic - phenylephrine and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Results: The frequency of intraoperative hypotension was 50% in the caffeine group and 95% in the control group, the frequency of hypoglycemia was 25% in the caffeine group and 75% in the control group. The frequency of phenylephrine use was significantly lower in the caffeine group. The incidence of postspinal headache in the first 24 hours after spinal anesthesia was also significantly lower in the caffeine group. Conclusions: Caffeine (and possibly other methylxanthines) may be considered a physiologically justified adrenal stimulant - a means of compensating for the temporary adrenal insufficiency caused by spinal anesthesia.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder characterized primarily by chronic inflammation and destruction of joint tissues. In recent years, the gut microbiome and its metabolites have played a key role in its pathogenesis, among which trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) attracts particular attention. The gut microbiota - a complex ecosystem of many microorganisms and their metabolic products - performs a crucial function in regulating immune balance. Disruption of its composition (dysbiosis) is associated with a wide range of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.

The influence of various dispersed fillers (RG-96P-10 product, NDP-D-400 diatomite, natural chalk, and TS-D taurite) on the rubber compound vulcanization properties, as well as the physical, mechanical, performance, and dynamic (damping) properties of rubber used for rail pads, was studied. It was found that, with the content of the RG-96P-10 product in the amount of 20.0 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr), the rubber possesses satisfactory elastic-strength properties and the least changes in them after daily thermo-oxidative aging in air and thermal action of standard petroleum fluid SZhR-1, changes in weight after exposure to aggressive environments, and increased dynamic properties, which allows recommending it for the manufacture of rail fastening pads for railway tracks.

The results of experimental studies of one-sided friction stir welding of 10-mm-thick plates made of aluminum alloys 6082T6 (pressed profile) and 1565chM (the sheet positioned upstream of the working tool) are presented. Welded butt joints without internal defects are obtained. The tensile strength of the joints averages 210.9 MPa, which is 0.69 of the strength obtained for alloy 6082T6. The fracture of welds during the tensile test develops in the heat-affected zone on the side of alloy 6082T6. The tensile strength of the metal of the mixing zone is higher than that of alloy 6082T6. It is almost the same as for alloy 1565chM. The microstructure of the mixing zone consists of areas featuring a chemical composition corresponding to the chemical composition of the alloys to be welded or to the areas having partial mixing of alloys to be joined. At the same time, the metal of the mixing zone is resistant to intercrystalline corrosion. The heat-affected zone on the side of the 6082T6 alloy is the most susceptible to intercrystalline corrosion.

Introduction. Recently, the number of young and middle-aged military personnel who have completed or are serving in the military under various forms of conscription and who require comprehensive dental rehabilitation has increased significantly. In this regard, there was a need for a comprehensive study of the dental health of this category of citizens, which determined the relevance of this publication. Objective – to conduct an analysis of the existing Russian literature devoted to the dental health of young and middle-aged military personnel, characterizing their need for dental treatment. Methodology. The research method was a theoretical analysis of 46 available Russian literature sources that published information on dental morbidity among young and middle-aged military personnel. The study used relevant scientific articles published in various databases, containing information on the assessment of the condition of the organs and tissues of the mouth in young and middle-aged military personnel. Results. Thus, the analysis of published scientific data, based on the results of examinations of young and middle-aged military personnel serving under various forms of conscription, revealed that despite the high level of coverage of this category of citizens by preventive examinations (71,0±1,0 − 92,4±1,2%), the indicator of their need for dental treatment remains significant (73,3±2,4 − 79,9±2,1%). The main place in the structure of dental diseases is expectedly occupied by therapeutic diseases – 76.0%, diseases of surgical and orthopedic profile are much less common – 12.0% respectively, and 17.8% of them needed orthodontic treatment . Conclusion. Studying the dental health of young and middle-aged military personnel serving under various forms of conscription is necessary for planning the provision of highly qualified dental care to them after completion of military service.

The period of perestroika, characterized by strengthening of market mechanisms in the USSR, occupies an important place in the domestic scientific field, stimulating active discussions about the essence and consequences of transformational processes which took place in the Soviet society at that time. Young people were one of the most active subjects of these processes, which explains the increased research interest in this social group. In this paper, the research focus will be on analyzing the experience of introducing elements of commercialization into the youth environment on the basis of Soviet social institutions using the example of the Youth Initiative Foundation under AULYCL Leninsky District Committee in Cheboksary as a local mechanism of youth policy in the Soviet Union. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the history of evolvement, structure and practical activities carried out by the Youth Initiative Foundation under AULYCL Leninsky District Committee in Cheboksary as a local mechanism of youth policy of the USSR. Materials and methods. The source base of this research is archival documents identified in the State Archive of Modern History of the Chuvash Republic. The study is based on the method of historical analysis, systematic and statistical methods. The method of historical analysis was used to reconstruct the evolvement process and functioning of the Youth Initiative Foundation under AULYCL Leninsky District Committee in Cheboksary by studying its organizational structure, financial activities and practices of supporting youth initiatives as a local mechanism for implementing the youth policy in the USSR during the period of perestroika. The use of systematic approach made it possible to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the Foundation as an integral social institution, as well as to identify the relationship between its structural elements. The statistical method was used to analyze the financial statements of the Foundation during its functioning in the structure of AULYCL Leninsky District Committee in Cheboksary. Results. The Youth Initiative Foundation under the AULYCL Leninsky District Committee of Cheboksary was established on August 5, 1987 by the decision of the executive Committee of Cheboksary District Council of People’s Deputies. The functions of coordinating and methodological guiding the youth association’s activities were assigned to Cheboksary Leninsky district AULYCL Committee. The organizational architecture of the Foundation had multiple similarities with the party-state model of the CPSU, which testifies to the practical experience of introducing market relations into the youth environment on the basis of existing Soviet social institutions. The Foundation included both individual participants and collective associations. The organization was engaged in introducing commercial initiatives to a wide range of people, as well as stimulated youth aspirations in the fields of creativity, science, patriotism and a sporty lifestyle. However, as practice showed, this experience of introducing market relations into the Soviet Komsomol system had its negative sides, which led to internal contradictions. It was they who intensified the desire of the association members to gain institutional autonomy. Conclusions. The Youth Initiative Foundation under the AULYCL Leninsky District Committee in Cheboksary was an institutional platform for testing commercial initiatives, and it also contributed to the integration of the youth into the context of socio-economic transformations in the USSR during Perestroika based on existing Soviet socio-cultural guidelines. Thanks to the activities of the organization, various youth cultural events were held in the Chuvash ASSR. However, an attempt to introduce market-oriented relations into the structure of the Soviet Komsomol system did not bring the expected results, as a result of which the Foundation’s participants succeeded in achieving institutional independence in December 1990, getting out of control of Cheboksary Leninsky District AULYCL Committee.

Hop growing in the Russian Federation is a sector of agro-industrial complex that is largely dependent on imported technological solutions and products, the lack of domestic production of these products creates significant barriers to the intensification of domestic hop production and processing. The Chuvash Republic is the country’s primary hop-producing region for bitter-aromatic varieties, necessitating the implementation of systematic measures to provide scientific and technological support for the development of hop production and economic potential. Based on a study of the current regional model of scientific and technological support for hop cultivation, the authors identified key areas of focus – from the concept of implementing continuous agricultural education and research to the breeding of new hop varieties and development of promising specialized machinery and mechanisms. In the Chuvash Republic, effective cooperation has been established between the participants in the support system, represented by both federal and regional institutions. The region is actively developing new competencies related to scientific and technological support for investment projects in hop cultivation, and this area is specifically highlighted in the state program for scientific and technological development of the region. The analysis of existing measures to support scientific and technological support for hop cultivation in Chuvashiya demonstrates their adequacy and comprehensiveness at the current stage, as well as the potential for adjustment in light of changing priorities. Authors identify the introduction of biotechnological tools in hop breeding, as well as the development and implementation of a promising system for advanced hop processing, as priority areas for increasing the effectiveness of scientific and technological support for the development of the production and economic potential of hop growing.

In the Russian legal system, a relevant range of issues is related to the institution of real estate. Depending on the intended purpose of the real estate object, the legislator may set restrictions or encumbrances for their use. They are aimed at protecting the interests of both owners and other participants in civil turnover: individuals and legal entities, public authorities. Most of the difficulties in implementing the real estate rights are of a civil law nature, which are caused by the conflicting content of legal norms and their effect on legal relations. Generalization and analysis of current practice in this area of relations indicates that there are some problems and the need to resolve them by making amendments and additions to existing laws and industry acts. This, in turn, should contribute to creating effective mechanisms and ways to protect the interests of owners in the field of exercising the right to property, removing restrictions and encumbrances of rights to real estate. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the legal nature and types of restrictions on ownership of real estate in the Russian civil law, as well as identifying their relationship to encumbrances and determining their impact on the scope of the owner's powers. Materials and methods. The methods of general scientific and specific analysis, generalization were applied, which made it possible to identify the features of the topic under study and formulate conclusions for studying problematic aspects of restrictions and encumbrances of property rights in the real estate sector. The methodology of the work is based on applying an integrated approach focused on a comprehensive legal analysis of the stated problem. When considering and analyzing the issues raised, civil law provisions, scientific publications and works on real estate issues were used. A systemic approach is used as a methodological basis, including comparative legal and formal legal analysis of the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, federal legislation and judicial practice. Results. The study revealed the legal nature of these institutions as a deterrent mechanism that provides a balance between the rights of the owner and public or private interests. Based on scientific doctrine (S.A. Charkin, T.E. Kolosova) the authors considered and applied criteria for classifying restrictions and encumbrances, and determined their relationship: restrictions are understood as general objective limits of rights established by law, while encumbrances act as their specific forms, directly narrowing the scope of authority in relation to a particular object. The analysis of the regulatory material and the analysis of the court case made it possible to establish that the impact of restrictions and encumbrances is manifested mainly in the sphere of powers of use and disposal. At the same time, a comprehensive interdisciplinary nature of the institution was proved, which is regulated not only by the civil law, but also by land, housing law, and, in certain aspects, by the environmental and urban planning law. The study also revealed a number of such urgent law enforcement problems as difficulties associated with facilities on non-demarcated land plots, under-registration of rights in new buildings and the need to strengthen responsibility for concealing information about encumbrances. Conclusions. Restrictions are a deterrent mechanism that provides a balance between the rights of the owner and public or private interests. They establish common boundaries for rights. Specific forms of restrictions that directly narrow the scope of authority are encumbrances. Their impact on the rights of the owner is mainly manifested in the sphere of disposal and use of property. Ownership rights are a legal institution of a comprehensive, cross-sectoral nature, the norms of which are regulated by civil, land and housing legislation. Solving the problems of law enforcement practice requires further specification of legislative structures of restrictions and encumbrances, as well as the development of their uniform understanding in judicial practice.