Guildford Hospital

(1) To report surgical repair techniques for common calcaneal tendon injuries in cats; (2) to describe both short-term and long-term complications; (3) to investigate the long-term outcome following temporary postoperative immobilisation of the tarsocrural joint; and (4) to evaluate how all three objectives, as well as patient signalment and type of tendinous injury, compared to previously reported studies. A multicentric, retrospective study reviewing cases from 11 referral veterinary centres. Data collected included patient demographics, common calcaneal tendon injuries characteristics, repair techniques employed and postoperative immobilisation methods. Based on the temporary tarsocrural joint immobilisation methods, the cases were divided into internal fixation group: calcaneo-tibial screws or plate and tibiometatarsal plate, and external immobilisation group: trans-articular external skeletal fixation or external coaptation. Complications were classified as minor, major or catastrophic. Long-term outcomes were assessed through clinical follow-up examination and owner-reported questionnaires. A total of 39 cases of common calcaneal tendon repair were analysed. The internal fixation and external immobilisation groups showed a complication rate of 13% and 54.2%, respectively. Catastrophic complications (5.2%) occurred only in the external immobilisation group. Long-term follow-up indicated that 82% of cases regained full or acceptable clinical function, with a higher rate of unacceptable outcomes observed in the external immobilisation group. This study suggested that temporary internal fixation may be a more suitable method for postoperative immobilisation of the tarsocrural joint in cats compared with temporary external immobilisation, and it can be associated with lower complication rates.

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the population, concurrent injuries, best diagnostic radiographic projection, management and short-term outcome of cats presenting with a fracture of the greater trochanter.MethodsMedical records, imaging studies, methods of repair, complications and short-term outcome of cats that presented with a fracture of the greater trochanter were retrospectively reviewed at two referral institutions. Radiographs were evaluated using a quantitative scoring system. Short-term outcome (>3-6 months) and complications were determined at the follow-up appointment.ResultsSeventeen cats were included. The mean age was 10.5 months (range 3-16). All 17 cats exhibited concurrent orthopaedic injuries, with 5/17 (29%) presenting with multiple orthopaedic injuries. Coxofemoral luxation was the most common, representing more than half (58.8%) of the concurrent orthopaedic injuries identified, followed by pelvic/sacral fractures (52.9%). Further orthopaedic injuries such as sacroiliac luxation and femoral neck fractures were the least common and were present in 11.7% of the studied population. Greater trochanteric fractures were most easily identified on the ventrodorsal radiographic projection of the pelvis, with increased accuracy in the frog-leg ventrodorsal view. Most cats (94.4%) were managed surgically using two or three Kirschner (K)-wires and a tension band wire. Short-term follow-up was available for all 17 cats at a mean of 6.3 months (range 3-8). Major complications were seen in 4/17 (23.5%) patients. These included mild lameness and persistent discomfort due to periosteal reaction, which resolved following surgical or medical intervention. Short-term mobility was considered good in 58.8% of cats, acceptable in 29.5% and poor in the remaining 11.7%.Conclusions and relevanceCoxofemoral luxation was the most prevalent concurrent orthopaedic injury (58.8%). The majority of the greater trochanteric fractures (94.4%) were managed surgically with K-wires and a tension band wire. Ventrodorsal and specifically frog-leg radiographic projections of the pelvis enhance the diagnosis of greater trochanteric fractures. Specific outcomes of greater trochanteric fractures are uncertain because of the high occurrence of concurrent orthopaedic injuries.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make decisions by performing actions in an environment that maximized the reward. The learning process involves the agent interacting with the environment, receiving feedback in terms of rewards or penalties, and using this feedback to refine its decision-making process. Gymnasium (formerly known as Gym), developed by OpenAI, is a popular toolkit for developing and comparing reinforcement learning algorithms. It provides a variety of environments ranging from simple toy tasks to complex real-world problems.

The ‘new mobility’ is claimed to promise improved transport services with reduced socioeconomic and environmental impacts whilst at the same time creating high-value business opportunities. The present article contributes to understanding the latter part of this promise through analysing the sources of value creation in the new mobility industry. It makes a novel application of a business model concepts - the Dynamic Capabilities approach - to transport research. Drawing on findings from expert interviews with professionals in innovation clusters, the findings reveal that new mobility companies benefit from an inherent dynamism and a continuous learning culture. The participation in networks and alliances let companies reach broader market solutions through cross-regional collaboration. These ecosystems are well equipped to address wider mobility needs founded on managing data. For managers in the new mobility, key conclusions are that establishing a concise value proposition and expanding key resources such as staff skills or data management procedures are crucial for business sustainability.

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