Imam Hossein University

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) was described as a congenital skin disease and later as a Mendelian disorder in 1922 and 1946, respectively [1]. For decades, EV was considered a monogenic entity and was also interchangeably referred to as Treeman syndrome (TMS). However, recent advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have revealed that the pathogenesis of EV is distinct from TMS [2]. In fact, a recent study showed that TMS, in some cases, is caused by biallelic loss-of-function CD28 mutations and that TMS warts are driven by α-human papillomavirus (HPV) [2]. Furthermore, at least 21 genes have been implicated in EV pathogenesis. Persistent disseminated flat-like warts in EV patients are derived, for the most part, from weakly virulent, E5- and E8-deficient β-HPVs, which exclusively reside within keratinocytes. However, these β-HPVs, lacking the E5 and E8 genes that are expressed in other genera of more pathogenic HPVs, typically cause only asymptomatic infections in the general population [1]. It is noteworthy that, in addition to β-HPVs, non-β-HPVs (including α- and γ-HPVs) are occasionally associated with the EV phenotype [3]. Mechanistic insights gained from studies of single-gene disorders with EV manifestations suggest dual contributions of keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity and adaptive T-cell immunity to β-HPV clearance. Ultrarare and private mutations in genes governing either keratinocyte-intrinsic immunity or adaptive T-cell immunity, at the priming or effector level, confer predisposition to severe β-HPV infections (Figure 1). These observations led Shen et al., in this issue of the International Journal of Dermatology, and other research groups to categorize EV into classic (TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1), nonclassic (e.g., DOCK8, STK4), and acquired forms [4, 5]. A total of 439 EV patients, comprising 137 classic (typical) EV patients, 46 nonclassic (atypical) EV patients, and 256 acquired EV (AEV) patients, were reviewed. The most commonly reported genes were TMC6, CIB1, TMC8, STK4, and DOCK8. A total of 31 distinct HPVs, belonging to the α-, γ-, and β-HPV genera, were associated with the EV phenotype, with β-HPV-5, -8, and -20 identified as the most common types. Collectively, these genomics-driven advances in EV understanding herald a paradigm shift in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of EV in the era of precision dermatology. While single-gene EV is a pediatric clinical condition (with an age of onset before 12 years in 89% of cases), most AEV patients are adults, and the disease is prevalent among HIV and transplant populations [5]. The phenocopy in AEV patients underscores the effective suppression of the same surveillance pathways for HPV clearance that are disrupted in hereditary forms [4, 5]. A review of oncologic data in EV patients offers clinically actionable insight into the age of onset and extent of cancer risk. The majority (56%) of monogenic EV patients develop malignancy, occurring decades earlier than in the general population. Moreover, the distinction between isolated and syndromic EV has implications for cancer management: cutaneous malignancies predominate in isolated EV, while extracutaneous malignancies are more common in syndromic forms. These results support genotype-informed cancer surveillance strategies in EV patients. Furthermore, they indicate that EV should be integrated into broader hereditary cancer predisposition frameworks [5]. In sum, EV offers a unique human knockout model for the study of host–virus co-evolution, tissue-specific immunity, and early carcinogenesis. Furthermore, recent genomic advances shift the paradigm of EV from a mere dermatologic curiosity to a prototype for precision dermatology. The authors employed large language models to refine manuscript grammar and phrasing, then reviewed, edited, and accepted full responsibility for the final content. The LEO Foundation (grant LF-OC-22-000965) and the US NIH (grant R01AI143810) supported the authors' studies. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Clinical and Molecular Perspectives on Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.70295. The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

The micro-drone, a type of unmanned aerial vehicle, typically measures only a few centimeters and is commonly employed in military operations and espionage due to its practicality. In recent years, the field has witnessed significant threats from micro-UAVs, prompting the need for effective countermeasures. The first step in addressing this threat involves developing robust identification methods. Advances in artificial intelligence and neural networks have significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of micro-UAV identification techniques. Utilizing artificial intelligence, micro-drones that pose a security risk to protected areas can be identified on a daily basis. One of the most widely used artificial intelligence algorithms for identifying micro-UAVs in smart devices is the YOLOv8 algorithm. In tis study, experimental results conducted on the Roboflow dataset reveals that the YOLOv8 algorithm detects micro-drones with an accuracy of 95% and a speed of 30 frames per second.

Despite extensive research on academic procrastination, there is limited evidence on its construct and validity measures in EFL settings, particularly within the Iranian context. The current study aimed to investigate the construct and validity measures of academic procrastination among Iranian EFL learners, and justify necessity of context-specific instrumentation. In light of a sequential Mixed-Methods research design and in an attempt to explore both the context-specific nature and validity measures of the construct EFL-related procrastination both qualitative and quantitative data were employed to adapt and customize a scale based on Tuckman Procrastination Scale (1991) and the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS) (1984). To do so, 414 Iranian English language university students attended a pilot phase of the study of which 150 responded a semi-structured interview and 209 contribute to the collection of quantitative phase of validation. The analyses led to the adaptation and development of a valid and reliable measure called Procrastination Scale for Iranian Academic Setting (PSIAS) characterized by nine context- and culture-specific components that holistically produce a pattern of matrix in which each component enjoy unique psychometric characteristics underscoring significant patterns in procrastination behaviors and attitudes across different academic tasks, recommending insights into the underlying causes of procrastination in Iranian EFL students. The findings contribute to the literature and pedagogy by presenting a valid and reliable scale for measuring context-specific academic procrastination on one hand but leave the space open for future research to address procrastination in language pedagogical settings.

Military vehicles are designed for very harsh conditions where they lose some of their efficiency. In order to maintain the efficiency of military vehicles and accompanying equipment, various designs are made that must be cost-effective. The challenge that exists is how to install a shooting range on a military vehicle and use it while moving in such a way that the shooting accuracy is acceptable. The existing stabilizer technologies are very expensive and are not economical compared to the value of cars and weapons. Therefore, passive stabilization method using gyroscopic effect should be adopted. In this method, a large flywheel with high rotational speed is used. The basic condition of using this method is to determine the number of flywheels and the number of frames used for the connection between the flywheel and the driver. In this research, according to the environmental conditions, a new model of aircraft frames and wheels is presented. This model has the ability to resist rotational stimulation in two directions. Its appropriate Lagrangian equation has been derived. After that, the main challenge is to calculate the tolerance threshold of applied stimuli. The laboratory model to solve this problem and the numerical simulation results are presented. At the end, suggestions for continuing research aimed at dealing with provocations in other directions, especially displacement, are presented.