Kazan Federal University

Subject. This article examines the issues related to the system of government expenditures in the Syrian Arab Republic. Objectives. The article aims to identify the shortcomings of the government expenditure accounting system in the Syrian Arab Republic compared to accounting practices and policies in developing and developed countries, and determine areas that require improvement and development. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of comparative analysis. Results. Based on a comparative analysis of public expenditure systems in developing and developed countries, as well as in the Syrian Arab Republic, the article identifies certain shortcomings in the government expenditure accounting system of the Syrian Arab Republic and highlights areas for improvement. Conclusions and Relevance. Excessive dependence on current expenditures at the expense of investments hinders sustainable development, limits the State's ability to create a future production base, and slows long-term economic growth. A restructuring of government spending is necessary to free up resources for investment. This includes restructuring current expenditures to achieve savings, as well as reforming and improving the targeting of subsidies. The procedures developed based on the results of the study may contribute to improving the level of the system of government expenditures, both current and investment, in the public institutions of the Syrian Arab Republic.

The paper analyses the processes taking place in the local labor markets of Russia’s northern territories in 2019–2023. A review of the results of empirical studies showed that the northern territories of the Russian Federation differ in terms of economic development, sectoral structure and labor market char-acteristics. This work aims to identify and show changes in the main characteristics of employment and labor markets of the northern territories over the five-year period 2019–2023, characterized by a high fre-quency of exposure to external macro-shocks. The analysis was conducted using Rosstat data aggregated by regions and territories of the Far North and equivalent areas and/or the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The work analyzed the dynamics of migration growth of the population, the number and structure of employment, wages and indicators of tension in the regional labor markets of the northern territories. The study showed that, despite the continuing heterogeneity of the labor markets of the northern territories in many indicators, positive dynamics were observed in some of them, even in depressed regions. In terms of the aggregate positive changes in indicators, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug — Yugra was in the lead, while the Komi Republic showed negative changes. The results of the analysis can be used in implementing demographic, migration and social policies, as well as in developing programs aimed at regulating regional labor markets in northern and Arctic territories.

Background. There is a complex interaction of endogenous and exogenous factors in rosacea pathogenesis. Existing methods of analysis often do not consider the multifactorial nature of dermatosis, which complicates effective management of patients. Objective. To identify the main relationships between the development factors and rosacea severity building a Bayesian network model original for this dermatosis, as well as to evaluate the results of topical therapy with metronidazole. Material and methods. The study was performed from 2023 to 2025 in Kazan. It involved 117 patients with papulopustular rosacea, median age 35.0 [24; 45] years. The studied parameters included: unchangeable (general characteristics, anamnestic data) and changeable (laboratory indicators, morphofunctional parameters and microbiota content of the facial skin) factors. Obtained parameters — clinical characteristics and dermatological indices. At the first stage of the study, a reconstruction of non-parametric Bayesian network was carried out using a modified algorithm that ensures reproducibility of the model due to clear threshold criteria (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient equal 0.7 and above) and cycle elimination stages. At the second stage, a group of patients (n=52) with papulopustular subtype of rosacea of mild and moderate course was formed from the total sample, and these subjects underwent 12-week topical therapy with 1% metronidazole gel. Results. With the use of a new network approach for rosacea, key factors influencing the course of dermatosis were identified, 4 clusters of features describing the influence of hormonal, biochemical, immunohematologic and microbial pathogenesis factors were formed. Topical therapy of patients (n=52) with 1% metronidazole gel was effective in 86.5% (n=45) cases. Adverse local reactions were characterized by a mild degree of severity and did not require withdrawal of the drug. Conclusion. The proposed multicomponent Bayesian rosacea model with methodological reproducibility is useful for understanding the relationships between pathogenesis factors and clinical manifestations of dermatosis. Topical therapy of papulopustular rosacea with 1% metronidazole gel has shown high effectiveness, safety and favorable tolerability.

ABSTRACT The present work characterises coal‐bearing deposits of the Mid‐Cretaceous Hoiho Formation, located in the offshore Great South Basin, New Zealand, through a multidisciplinary approach involving geochemical analyses, biomarker evaluation, stable carbon isotope measurements, and one‐dimensional basin modelling. This study aims to characterise the organic matter (OM) present within the Hoiho coal facies and elucidate the mechanisms responsible for gas generation. Biomarker analysis combined with carbon isotope data was employed to assess the sources of OM and reconstruct the depositional environment conditions. The Hoiho coals exhibit high total organic carbon (TOC) and sulfur (S) concentrations, indicating marine‐influenced coaly facies. The high TOC and S result in high TOC/S ratios and further suggest that the Hoiho coal facies was deposited in high‐oxygenated environments. This interpretation is further reinforced by the specific biomarker ratios, such as a high pristane/phytane ratio of more than 3 and a low dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene ratio. Hence, the elevated organic carbon, with TOC content reaching up to 79.8 wt. % in the Hoiho coal facies cannot be solely attributed to low‐oxygen depositional settings. Molecular biomarker signatures combined with carbon isotopic data suggest that the OM in the Hoiho coal facies is primarily derived from terrigenous sources and accumulated in fluvial to fluvio‐deltaic environments, as indicated by high T m / T s and C 24 Te/C 26 Ti ratios, along with the predominance of C 29 over its C 27 and C 28 counterparts. This high abundance of terrigenous plants in the studied coal facies indicates that hydrogen‐poor Type III kerogen was the original OM input during deposition. This finding is consistent with the low hydrogen index (HI) values, between 111 and 292 mg HC/g TOC, indicative of predominantly Type III kerogen for mainly gas generation potential. Kerogen transformation modelling reveals that approximately 10% to 54% of the primary Type III kerogen underwent cracking to generate gas from the Late Eocene to present, corresponding to the wet gas generation window, with Easy %Ro values up to 1.72%. Consequently, the Mid Cretaceous Hoiho coal facies can be considered as a promising target for gas development within the deeper stratigraphic intervals of the offshore Great South Basin.

This article examines the criteria used in Russian civil jurisprudence to classify relations related to making up for the distress and inconvenience due to the troubles caused (compensation obligations). Specifically, such criteria that take into account the cross-sectoral nature of compensation obligations are outlined. The results obtained suggest that compensation obligations can be categorized based on both their structural elements, as is normally done for tort obligations, and some other important criteria. Furthermore, our overview of common classification approaches reveals the cross-sectoral nature of compensation obligations and demonstrates that they can take the forms of either monetary awards or requirements for certain legal actions.

This article analyzes the constituent elements of environmental offenses. It argues that the terms “crimes against the environment” and “environmental crimes” can be treated as synonyms, considering that the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation recognizes the natural environment as a legitimate object of protection when defining the tasks of criminal law (see Part 1 of Article 2) and regulates environmental issues in Chapter 26 of its Special Part, entitled “Environmental Crimes.” The differentiation of criminal liability is also governed primarily by the provisions of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which distinguish among its grounds, limits, and forms based on the nature, typical degree of public danger of the offense, and typical personality traits of the offender. The Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation generally relies on qualifying circumstances when applying liability rules. However, these factors cannot be the only criteria in making decisions about liability. Given the intrinsic worth and benefits of environmental protection for both individuals and society as a whole, the elements of environmental crimes should be set out in a separate section, following Section VIII “Crimes Against the Economy” of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The analysis shows that recent legislative developments have expanded the number of qualifying elements of environmental crimes, which are commonly used to differentiate the liability for environmental wrongdoing.

Purpose: To establish the influence of youth involvement in the activities of creative spaces and industries using the example of the city of Kazan (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia). Methodology/approach: The empirical basis of the study was the results of a social survey. The study covered different age and gender groups of young people and aimed to determine the level of youth involvement in the activities of creative spaces and industries based on the example of Kazan. The survey involved 480 respondents aged 14 to 35, of whom 78% were female and 22% were male. Originality/Relevance: Modern megacities experience continuous population growth, with a significant proportion of young people. The inclusion of this age group in urban life plays a key role in its sustainable development. Key findings: The data allowed the authors to assess the level of youth involvement in the creative field and draw conclusions about the effectiveness of creative spaces and industries as tools for developing the megacity to achieve the principles of sustainable development. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The study highlighted theoretical and methodological approaches to creative spaces and industries, clarifying the concepts of creative spaces and creative industries.

Currently, there is a crisis of family relations; the transformation of family institutions into a new quality is underway. Our research considers the «perezhivanie» («experiencing») communicative aspect of family relations, where we rely on the research of Fakhrutdinova (2011) on the nature of the «perezhivanie» («experiencing») as a subjective plane of family relations. She discovered the psychological mechanism of development of consciousness and personality through experiencing impressions. In this study, the experienced impression is the family relations of the respondents. The purpose of the study: to study the characteristics of family communications and the physical, emotional and cognitive characteristics of the «perezhivanie» («experiencing»). Research methods: questionnaire «Family emotional communications» by Kholmogorova et al. (2016), questionnaire «Questionnaire of the «perezhivanie» («experiencing») the FEC» by Fakhrutdinova (2008). The study involved 90 students in marital relationships aged 22 to 56 years, who are in marital relationships. Research has demonstrated the disrupted, traumatic nature of marital relationships. Marital perfectionism, as a characteristic of family communication, is statistically significantly higher in women, which may be the cause of high levels of stress in marital relationships. Men demonstrated a higher level of reflective processes in their marital «perezhivanie» («experiencing») compared to women. The absence of correlational relationships between indicators of family communication and experiences of marital relations was revealed, which confirms the presence of global disturbances in the marital relations of respondents. The practical significance of the study lies in the application of the findings in marital counseling.

The relevance of this research is ensured by the need to create a system of pedagogical support and development of gifted schoolchildren. The aim of the study is to identify the approaches to building a pedagogical support and development system for gifted schoolchildren in the context of foreign language (English) learning. The analysis of the data is based on the theoretical foundations of the studies devoted to the school system as a source of linguistically gifted child development. The authors rely on a set of experimental methods found important for the integrity of the research results: methods for diagnosing and testing secondary schools’ students, those who are involved in the English Olympiad movement (expert assessment, test assignments, self-assessment); questionnaire methods; pedagogical observation; praximetric methods. The case study of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Tatarstan is given the primary focus. The study revealed the following: the didactic architecture of the pedagogical support and development system for gifted schoolchildren should be considered as a combination of educational constructs: systematic mentoring; involvement in regular network research and educational projects; participation in special language camps; support for individual educational paths; participation in Olympiads, competitions, forums, scientific and practical conferences. The key points that need to be taken into account when developing a system of pedagogical support and development of gifted schoolchildren are: systematic work; developmental educational environment; in-time identification of gifted students; greater flexibility in educational paths; provision of the continuity and sustainability of the development system for gifted individuals.

The aim of the study was to identify the features of motivation of high school students who independently master the competencies of Data Science (DS) and artificial intelligence (AI). To collect empirical material, a questionnaire was developed and an online survey was conducted. We used open and closed questions, as well as techniques of the method of unfinished sentences. The obtained statements of the respondents were processed using content analysis. We identified groups of characteristic statements that reflected the attitude of schoolchildren towards AI and the motives for its in-depth independent study. The survey participants were high school students living in various regions of Russia, 18 cities. All respondents actively participate in various forms of additional educational activities on studying AI, programming and mathematics. It was shown that the most active high school students in the study of AI explain their hobby most often by cognitive motives. Confidence in the promise of these technologies, the growth of their capabilities and a critical attitude to the risks of using AI are also characteristic. Respondents draw a positive image of an AI specialist and are motivated to obtain this profession. The results of the study may be in demand by specialists who provide specialized training for high school students in computer science and mathematics; specialists in additional education and career guidance for schoolchildren; scientific and business structures interested in attracting talented young people to research and development in the field of artificial intelligence.