Mari State University

The research aims to develop a procedure for the formal representation of literary text semantics through a domain ontology, using the novella “Monday Begins on Saturday” by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky as a case study. In this article, ontologization is treated as the translation of semantic units from the fictional world (actants, objects, spaces, and events) and the relationships between them into a formal RDF/OWL model linked to specific textual nominations. The object of the study is the semantic organization of a literary text, while the subject is the ontological modeling of narrative entities and events along with their typed connections. The scientific novelty lies in the development and description of a step-by-step (operational) protocol for the ontologization of literary texts – ranging from the fragmentation and recording of entities/events and their links in tabular format to the construction of a full RDF/OWL model. The results demonstrate that the proposed procedure (fragmenting the text into episodes, tabular recording of instances with unique identifiers, and building the RDF/OWL ontology in Protege) allows for translating research questions into verifiable queries and obtaining reproducible samples using SPARQL. For example, it enables the extraction of linked episodes, the reconstruction of movement trajectories, and the comparison of role configurations and event types. A domain ontology of the fictional world was created, identifying and classifying 836 units. This demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed approach for further scaling to mini-corpora of plot-related works and expanded models of authorial universes.

A mathematical model of electron-beam modification was developed to create a gas-permeable microprofile on the surface of a molybdenum plate. The resulting samples with gas-permeable surface profiles were studied using a confocal laser microscope and a 3D laser profilometer, as well as replicas made of a special material.

Modern energy and electronic systems comprise a large number of nonlinear elements operating in dynamic modes. Accurate modeling of such systems requires proper consideration of nonlinear current-voltage characteristics (CVC) and transient processes, which is especially important when designing rectifiers, inverters, control systems and other power electronics devices. Existing electrical circuit simulators do not always provide users with the necessary flexibility, scalability, or compatibility with enterprise safety standards, and may have legal restrictions. Custom effective modeling methods for such systems allow for creating specialized software solutions to analyze dynamic modes of electrical circuits, free from the limitations of commercial simulators and tailored to specific engineering and scientific tasks. The purpose of the work is to develop a method for numerical modeling of dynamic modes of electrical circuits comprising semiconductor diodes or other elements with nonlinear CVC, described by nodal equations. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a homotopy approach to overcoming high condition number of the Jacobian matrix when solving nonlinear differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) of electrical circuits, based on deformation of CVC with adaptation of the deformation parameter depending on the residual norm and condition number of the matrix; in the development of a method for extracting linearly independent differential equations from DAEs of electrical circuits without preliminary analysis of their topology; in the development of a universal stamp of a nonlinear element, based on linearization of the functional in the vicinity of the current approximation, allowing for integration of diode models with various CVCs into nodal equations. Materials and methods. Theoretical electrical engineering methods were used in the work, including the modified nodal potential method. The proposed numerical modeling method involves integration of elements with nonlinear CVC into nodal equations; extraction of differential and algebraic parts from DAEs, based on singular value decomposition of the matrix standing before the derivative vector; transformation of DAEs into a nonlinear system of algebraic equations using backward differentiation formulas (BDF) with variable time step. Initial points for BDF were determined by the diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta method of second order accuracy. Numerical solution of the obtained nonlinear equations was performed by the damped Newton–Raphson method. To reduce the condition number of the Jacobian matrix in transient modes, when the spread of differential conductivities reaches 12 orders and higher, a homotopy approach was proposed, consisting of gradual deformation of the diode CVC from a smoothed to the original curve during convergence, while maintaining a given value of the condition number. Results. To demonstrate the proposed solutions, computer simulation of a bridge rectifier operating on an active-inductive load with two types of diode CVC was performed: piecewise-linear and smooth, corresponding to the Shockley equation with series resistance. The deformation parameter and damping coefficient were adaptively changed depending on the residual norm of the functional and the condition number of the Jacobian matrix. Comparison of simulation results with different methods of specifying diode CVC showed that differences appear predominantly in transient processes of switching diode operation modes. It has been found that to ensure convergence of numerical solution in diode switching modes, characterized by high condition number of the Jacobian matrix, the homotopy approach is more effective than diagonal regularization. The proposed method for numerical modeling of dynamic modes of electrical circuits with nonlinear elements has a natural algorithmic structure, allowing for simple software implementation. Conclusions. 1. The most universal diode stamp, obtained on the basis of linearization of the functional derived from the CVC equation in the vicinity of the current approximation, has been identified. 2. A method for extracting linearly independent differential equations from DAEs of electrical circuits without preliminary analysis of circuit topology has been proposed. 3. A method for calculating the Jacobian matrix for solving nonlinear DAE has been proposed. 4. To ensure convergence of numerical solution with high condition number of the Jacobian matrix, it is preferable to apply the homotopy approach.

This paper presents a methodological approach to studying the quality of life of the population and the socio-economic development of regions, taking into account digitalization processes and management based on measurable energy indicators. Purpose of the research. The objective of the study is to develop and implement a methodological approach to modeling and managing the sustainable socio-economic and energy-ecological development of regions specializing in agriculture, using network models of input-output balance and energy indicators. Methods and Materials. The paper utilizes a system-energy approach and methods of intersectoral analysis based on a network model of input-output balance using the duality invariant. Mathematical modeling, graph theory, and elements of tensor analysis are used to describe product and resource flows, allowing the interaction of economic entities to be represented through a combination of nodal and loop flows. Results and Discussion. This paper presents a methodology for calculating and managing the development of a regional socio-economic system specializing in agriculture, based on a measurable indicator—energy flow per capita over a given period of time (5-50 years). Conclusion. The network model of the input-output balance allows us to represent product flows as dual currents, and the voltages in the branches reflect the proportions of the distribution of financial impacts. The algorithm for calculating by parts enables accelerated modeling and real-time control. Key cycles of harvest utilization as a mechanism for power amplification are considered: the primary "grain-to-ear" cycle (on average, 1 grain → 45 grains), preparation for the next year's harvest, ensuring the population's livelihoods throughout the year, and supporting development factors (healthcare, education, science). Energy analysis allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of investments with different cycle lengths (healthcare 1-2 years, education 5-10 years, science 5-20 years), ensuring the selection of optimal proportions of support for development areas and adjustments in response to changing macroeconomic conditions. Resume. The energy approach allows us to evaluate the results of investments distributed across cycles of varying durations, which enables an objective comparison of their effectiveness and the planning of support proportions for various development areas. The methodology enables the adjustment of regional energy product distribution based on market conditions and long-term prospects, creating a foundation for sustainable improvement in the region's quality of life. The research results will be used to create a digital information and analytical system for managing sustainable socio-economic development in regions based on energy indicators.

The study aims to design, develop, and assess the effectiveness of a model for developing mathematical competence in secondary vocational education students (training program 09.02.07 ‘Information Systems and Programming’) through the use of mobile technologies. The article analyzes current approaches to fostering mathematical competence. Special attention is given to the structural components of the developed model: the functional-objective component (goal, approaches, principles, regulatory framework); the content-technological component (content selection, methods, forms, teaching aids); and the assessment-outcomes component (criteria, levels, assessment methods). The scientific novelty lies in the unprecedented development and theoretical substantiation of a holistic model for enhancing mathematical competence in vocational students (program 09.02.07 ‘Information Systems and Programming’), where mobile technologies are viewed not merely as an auxiliary tool but as a system-forming component capable of transforming learning content, methods, and organization. Unlike existing approaches that predominantly focus on the use of isolated digital services, an integrated structure is proposed, ensuring coherence across the functional-objective, content-technological, and assessment-outcomes components. Experimental work, conducted at the Mari State University, confirmed the model’s effectiveness: a significant increase in students’ mathematical competence was observed (the percentage of students with a high level increased by 15.38%, with a medium level by 7.69%, while those with a low level decreased by 23.08%). The research findings confirm the advisability of integrating mobile technologies into the secondary vocational education process.

Introduction. The spiritual quest of humanity and the reevaluation of the role of religious factors in society, driven by global transformations, necessitate an examination of the distinctive features of religious worldviews. Interdisciplinary research conducted within the frameworks of linguistic culturology, theolinguistics, and religious conceptology enables the analysis of language as a means of recording, preserving, and transmitting the most significant aspects of culture, thereby revealing the essential characteristics of such a unique phenomenon as the Mari ethnic religion. The texts of Mari prayers have not previously been examined as objects of linguistic and culturological inquiry by scholars. The aim of this study is to identify the semantic content of words and constructions expressing devotional invocations in the prayer texts of the Mari ethnic religion. Materials and Methods. The study used prayer texts recorded and published between the 19th and 21st centuries. A linguocultural analysis comparing the Mari people’s religious and linguistic worldviews revealed that lexical units and syntactic structures representing ritual practices reflect the distinctiveness of their ethnic religion. The application of comparative-historical and contrastive methods to a corpus of prayer texts enabled the identification of linguistic elements demonstrating the influence of Islamic and Christian traditions on the Mari religious system. Results and Discussion. For adherents of the Mari ethnic religion, who continue to observe ancient religious rites, it is essential to use indigenous linguistic structures and forms to express their prayerful supplications, gratitude to the gods, and to experience a sense of connection with acts of the divine. A comprehensive analysis of sacred texts within the Mari traditional religion has revealed that when articulating requests in prayer texts, a categorical tone is avoided: imperative mood forms function in conjunction with linguistic devices that soften their meaning. Such forms include verbs in the subjunctive mood and compound verbs. Semantically, this emphasizes the absolute free will of the gods, underscores the enduring connection between the celestial and the earthly, and consequently, in the Mari worldview, affirms the unchanging support of individuals, families, clans, and the people by higher powers. Borrowed verbs and their modifiers serve as indicators of Mari-Turkic linguistic and cultural contacts, demonstrating that the Mari ethnic religion is an open system characterized by syncretism. Conclusion. The findings of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the meaning of religious rituals, as well as the role and significance of linguistic structures functioning within Mari sacred texts, while also helping to eliminate distorted interpretations of the foundational tenets of the Mari traditional religion. This, in turn, make a meaningful contribution to the fields of religious studies, theolinguistics, and linguoculturology, as well as to the strengthening of interethnic and interfaith harmony. The conclusions regarding the specific features of linguistic forms' functioning should be taken into account when translating texts from Mari into Russian and other languages, which represents one of the prospective directions for further research.

Introduction: Arterial hypertension (AH) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. The aim of the study: To assess the level of knowledge and cognizance of physicians and medical students in a field of pharmacotherapy of AH. Materials and Methods: This article analyzes the second phase (2019-2023) of the PHYSTARH project, a multicenter anonymous survey involving 494 therapeutic physicians from 10 Russian cities/regions and 426 students from 10 Russian and Kyrgyz universities. Comparisons were made with the previous phase (2017-2019) of student and physician research. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, U-Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation, median test, ANOVA, and regression analysis (p<0.05). Results: The study revealed that the knowledge levels among both students and physicians is not sufficiently high. Moreover, some questions showed a fatally low level of knowledge. The average level of correct answers in the second part of the survey (LCA) was 44.9% for students and 53.5% for physicians. The LCA for students in the previous phase was 57.7%, while the LCA for physicians (2017-2019) in the second part of the survey was 60%. Conclusion: The common level of knowledge base among students and physicians regarding key aspects of AH is insufficient. It is essential to implement additional educational programs to fill the recognized knowledge gaps. The results of studies highlight the necessity of improving educational programs for medical specialists in the field of arterial hypertension. The lowest correct answers rates were found in questions regarding the use of acetylsalicylic acid in patients with AH. The highest correct response rate was recorded for a question about selecting the optimal drug for managing uncomplicated hypertensive crises.

The study is devoted to the analysis of the features of the realization of the binary archetypal image of the House-the Anti-Dom in the structure of the Mari novels of the second half of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. Based on the works of Mari prose writers Yu. Artamonov, G. Alekseev, M. Ilibaeva, M. Ushakova establish the functional features of the archetype: the house is the background where events develop, the house is the means of characterizing its inhabitants, the house is the actor, the artistic character of the work, the house is a reflection of modern reality. Whereas in the 1970s and 1980s, the house was a cozy, safe place that unites families, binds generations, and remains faithful to the precepts of their ancestors; from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, it has been transformed.

The work is aimed at studying comparative (structural) models and comparative images (semantic features) of comparisons functioning in Mari folk songs. The structural comparative models in the analyzed texts of calendar-ritual and family-ritual songs are the following: “noun in the nominative case + postposition gaye / gane / gаy / gayak”; “noun in the nominative case + noun in the nominative case”; “noun in the nominative case + postposition semyn / semynak”; “noun in the nominative case + suffix -la ”. In the folk songs of the most productive semantic comparative models in which a person or animal is compared with the object world (the plant object: snege peledysh gaye udyr-tangem kodesh ‘girl-girl, as the flower of strawberry, remains’; zoomorphic object: shyrchyk gae latik unycam ulo ‘I have eleven grandchildren like skvorushka’; natural religious object: vutash petyryme shem ushcalet vud gych lekshe Vudava gae ‘black cow in the stable as the Mother Goddess of the water coming out of the water’; the real object: ‘ chewer muginde gay udyr-tangna kodale ‘as the carrot painted, left our soul-girlfriend’). The comparisons are symbolic in nature, reflect the people’s view of the world, and demonstrate the manifestation of linguistic creativity of speakers of dialect speech. Some comparisons in the works of Mari oral folk art have become symbols, national-specific stereotypes.