Nepal Sanskrit University

This paper examines and explores Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” as an intersection of artistic resistance against patriarchal oppression. It makes a study of the protagonist’s acts of writing, imagination, and visual interpretation of the wallpaper that function as forms of defiance against the systemic silencing of women. Through clandestine journal writing, the narrator subverts the authority of her husband and physician, asserting autonomy despite the confinement imposed by the restrictive “rest cure.” The wallpaper itself emerges as a powerful symbol of female entrapment and liberation, reflecting the narrator’s psychological transformation and growing resistance. This study employs the theory of resistance to explore how the subversive narrative style, characterized by first-person narration, diary format, and stream-of-consciousness, disrupts traditional literary norms and challenges the male-dominated discourse. The story portrays the protagonist’s descent into madness not merely as psychological deterioration but as a deliberate rejection of patriarchal constraints through artistic expression. Additionally, this study examines the role of imagination as a tool for transcending oppressive realities, positioning the narrator’s visions as acts of creative survival and rebellion. This paper employs a qualitative approach with an interpretive research design to analyze the story as a powerful text of artistic resistance, offering insights into how creativity becomes a means of confronting and dismantling the systems of control.

अनन्त कालदेखि निरवच्छिन्न रूपमा प्रवाहित हुँदै आइरहेको वाङ्मय परम्पराको पूर्व र पश्चिम दुवैतिर समृद्ध र सम्पन्न विरासत देखापर्छ । पश्चिमभन्दा पूर्व यस धारामा अझ फराकिलो र व्यापक छ । पौरस्त्य परम्परामा वैदिक वाङ्मय नै ज्ञान, विज्ञान, ऋषि, देवता, यज्ञ, युद्ध, भाषा, कला, साहित्य, इतिहास, आयुर्वेद, ज्योतिषलगायत सम्पूर्ण कुरामा भरिपूर्ण, अकाट्य र अपरिवर्तनीय ज्ञान राशिका रूपमा स्थापित भएको छ । तैत्तिरीयब्राह्मणमा ‘अनन्ताः वै वेदाः’ भन्दै वेदको व्यापकता र अनन्तताको ख्यापन गर्ने आर्ष वाक्यहरूद्वारा पनि वैदिक वाङ्मयको महनीयतालाई पुष्टि गरेको देखिन्छ । वैदिक वाङ्मय पछाडिका सबै इतिहास, पुराण र स्मृति ग्रन्थहरूले वेदलाई नै अनुसरण गरेका छन् । सम्पूर्ण वाङ्मय परम्पराहरू भाषामा जीवन्त रहेका हुन्छन् । विशेष गरी पौरस्त्य वाङ्मय परम्परा भाषिक प्रयोगका दृष्टिले विविधतापूर्ण देखिए तापनि व्याकरणका दृष्टिले अत्यन्त परिनिष्ठित देखिन्छ । वैदिक परम्परा हुँदै विकसित भएका इतिहास, पुराण, दर्शन, स्मृति, धर्मशास्त्र, आगम सबै भाषामा अडिएका छन् । यिनीहरू सबैको भाषामा परिनिष्ठितता भईकन पनि व्यापक भिन्नता देखापर्छ । संहिता, ब्राह्मण, आरण्यक र उपनिषद्मा प्रयोग भएको भाषा वैदिक भाषा हो । वैदिक वाङ्मय पछाडिका सबै आर्ष ग्रन्थहरू लौकिक भाषामा संरचित छन् । विभाजनका सन्दर्भमा वेदलाई ऋक्, यजुस्, साम, अथर्व भनी विभाजन गरिए तापनि यो विभाजन प्रतिपाद्य विषयवस्तु र संरचनागत आधारमा विभाजन गरिएको देखिन्छ । भाषिक संरचना र व्याकरणिक नियमको पालना सबैमा समान रूपमा भएको छ । अध्ययनका क्रममा ऋग्वेदलाई सर्वप्राचीन वेद, समृद्ध वेद, ज्ञान विज्ञानले भरिपूर्ण वेद भन्दै गर्दा ऋग्वेद नै वैदिक संहिताको समष्टि उद्घोष हो भन्न सकिन्छ । प्रारम्भमा वेदको पर्यायका रूपमा ऋग्वेद देखा परे तापनि समग्र वेदलाई चार भागमा विभाजन गरेपछि भने स्वतन्त्र रूपमा ती ती वेदहरूका अङ्ग प्रत्यङ्गहरूको समेत अध्ययन अध्यापन गर्ने परम्परा अद्यावधि छ । विभक्त चार संहितामध्ये ऋक्संहिता सबैभन्दा प्राचीन र ठूलो संहिता हो । इन्द्र, वरुण, विष्णु, अग्नि आदि गरिएका प्राकृतिक वस्तुको र वैदिक याग यज्ञको राम्रो निरूपण यसमा पाइन्छ । अष्टक र मण्डल क्रम गरी दुई भागमा विभाजन गरिएको यस वेदमा अष्टक क्रमअनुसार ६४ अध्याय छन् भने मण्डल क्रमअनुसार १० मण्डल छन् । यसरी समग्र ऋग्वेदमा ८५ अनुवाक र १०२८ सूक्तहरू छन् । यी सूक्तहरूमध्ये पुरुषसूक्त, नासदीयसूक्त, विवाहसूक्त र अक्षसूक्तलगायतका केही सूक्तहरूमा विद्यमान भाषिक संरचनाको अध्ययन प्रस्तुत सन्दर्भमा गरिएको छ । वैदिक प्रातिशाख्यको पाणिनीय व्याकरणसँगको आन्तर्यलाई विवेचना गरिएको छ । विशेष गरी ऋग्वेदको भाषा र पाणिनिको भाषामा तुलना गरी त्यसमा विद्यमान समास, सन्धि, तिङन्त, कृदन्त, तद्धित, स्वर आदिको समानता र पार्थक्यलाई नै प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमा स्पष्ट पारिएको छ । उदाहरणका लागि नासदीय सूक्तको पहिलो सूक्त–“नासदासीन्नो सदासीत्तदानीं नासीद्रजो व्योमा परो यत् ।किमावरीवः कुह कस्य शर्मन्नम्भः किमासीद्गहनं गभीरम् ।।”पाणिनीय व्याकरणअनुसार कस्य शर्मन् यहाँ सप्तम्यन्त शर्मणि हुनुपर्नेमा वेदमा विभक्तिको लोप भएर शर्मन् यस्तो प्रयोग भएको छ । विभक्तिको लोप भए तापनि शेष पदले लोप भएको विभक्तिको अर्थलाई बताउने गर्छ । यही मन्त्रमा लौकिक व्याकरणमा किम् शब्दबाट सप्तम्यर्थमा त्रल् प्रत्यय भए पछि कुत्र बनाइन्छ भने वेदमा त्यही अर्थका लागि हप्रत्यय गरेर कुह बनाइएको छ । यसै गरी पुरुषसूक्तको १२औँ मन्त्रमा पनि मुखम्, बाहू, ऊरू पदहरूमा विभक्तिको लोप भएको छ । यी र यस्तै भाषिक संरचनाको अध्ययन प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमा गरिएको छ ।

शब्दसाधुत्वावबोधार्थं भगवता पाणिनिना अष्टाध्याय्यां यथालाघवं कार्यसम्पत्तये विविधाः संज्ञाः परिकल्पिताः । ताश्च संज्ञाः तिस्रः – यथासम्भवं लघीयस्यः, अन्वर्थसंज्ञाः, प्राचीनानुसारिण्यश्च । तथा हि — 'संज्ञा च नाम न यतो लघीयः'(महाभाष्यवचनम्.१.४.२३) इति न्यायेन परिकल्पिताः 'अ इत्यष्टादशानां संज्ञा' (सिद्धान्तकौमुदी, १४), "अचोऽन्त्यादि टि" (पाणिनिसूत्रम्,१.१.६४) इत्यादयः संज्ञाः लघीयस्यः संज्ञाः । "महत्याः संज्ञायाः करणे एतत् प्रयोजनम्" (महाभाष्यवचनम्.१.४.२३) इति न्यायेनोपदिष्टाः महासंज्ञाः यथा सर्वनाम, सम्प्रसारणम् संज्ञाः, तृतीयाश्च संज्ञाः तादृश्यः, यासां गुरुभूतत्वेऽपि अदृष्टप्रयोजनकाः प्राचीनानुसारेण विहिताः यथा, प्रथमामध्यमाप्रातिपदिकादयः संज्ञाः । एतासु विविधासु संज्ञासु समासस्थले विशेषतः पूर्वनिपाताय, उपसर्जनह्रस्वाय च परिकल्पितेयमन्यतमा संज्ञा उपसर्जनसंज्ञा नाम । यद्यपि उपेत्युपसर्गपूर्वकसृज्धातोः ल्युटि सिद्धोऽयं शब्दः उपसर्जनमिति दर्शनान्तरेष्विवेहापि शास्त्रे अप्रधानाद्यर्थेषु विद्यते, तथापि पाणिनिव्याकरणे शास्त्रबोधितमुपसर्जनं पारिभाषिकञ्च विद्यते । अष्टाध्याय्यां प्रथमाध्यायस्य द्वितीयपादे एतत्संज्ञाया विधायके द्वे सूत्रे स्तः– "प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम्"( अष्टाध्यायी, १.२.४३), "एकविभक्ति चापूर्वनिपाते"( अष्टाध्यायी, १.२.४४) इति । प्रसङ्गेऽस्मिन् एतस्याः संज्ञायाः प्रवृत्तिस्थलानि, संज्ञाविधायकशास्त्रार्थचिन्तनम्, संज्ञाया असाधारणानि प्रयोजनानि, महासंज्ञायाः प्रयोजनम् संज्ञाया विधाने प्रसक्तानां समेषाम् अव्याप्ति–अतिव्याप्ति-असम्भवादिदूषणानां परिहारः, सूत्रार्थनिर्णये प्रसक्ता अनुपपत्तयः, तत्समाधानानि च यथाकरं प्राचीनानां नवीनानाञ्च आचार्याणां मतेन विचार्यन्ते । एतस्याश्च संज्ञाया समाससंज्ञायां प्रवृत्तायामेव जायमानत्वेन ततः पूर्वं समाससंज्ञायाः परिचयः प्रकाश्यते। अथ च समासस्य लक्षणं तस्य प्रसिद्धा अप्रसिद्धाश्च भेदाः, तेषामुदाहरणमित्यादयो विषया प्रसङ्गप्राप्ताः यथालघु स्पष्टीकरिष्यन्ते।

Tourism development produces both beneficial and adverse effects on host destinations, necessitating comprehensive impact assessments to ensure long-term industry sustainability. While such evaluations are crucial, they remain notably scarce in Nepal's context. This study examines the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of tourism in Pokhara - the nation's premier tourism hub renowned as an iconic destination for both domestic and international visitors. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach incorporating questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions, and personal interviews, data were collected on various impact dimensions, which were subsequently analyzed through a Leopold matrix framework. The findings demonstrate that while tourism generates significant socioeconomic benefits for the local community, the cumulative negative impacts threaten to outweigh these advantages. These results underscore the urgent need for innovative policy interventions to effectively mitigate tourism's detrimental effects while preserving its valuable contributions.

प्रस्तुत लेखमा ‘राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगको अन्तर्सम्बन्ध’ योगको छाताका रूपमा रहेको राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगको विस्तृत परिचय दर्साइएको छ । यस लेखलाई गुणात्मक अध्ययन विधि अवलम्बन गरी पूर्णता दिइएको छ । योग सबैको जिज्ञासा र रुझानको विषय भइरहेको वर्तमान समयमा ब्रह्माकुमारी राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगबिचको अन्तर्सम्बन्धलाई उजागर गर्न खोजिएको छ । आजको प्रविधिको युगमा सृष्टिको सर्वाेच्च रचना (मानव जीवन) प्रतिकूल प्रभावले असन्तुलित भइरहेको छ । महाभारतको युद्ध भूमिमा विक्षिप्त, भ्रमित, भयभीत अवस्थामा रहेको अर्जुनको मनस्थिति जस्तै अत्यन्त कारुणिक स्थिति छ । शारीरिक, मानसिक, आर्थिक सामाजिक जस्ता चौतर्फी आयाममा अति कु्रद्ध, विक्षिप्त, रुग्ण व्यथित मनोदशामा रहेको वर्तमान मानवमनलाई पुनः मानवीय क्षमता, धर्मश्रद्धाको विकास अचेतन परिशोधन, सुषुप्त शक्तिको जागरण, एकाग्रता, सङ्कल्पशक्तिलाई प्रस्फुटन गर्नको लागि राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगको अतुलनीय भूमिका छ । राजयोग र अष्टाङ्ग योगको सूक्ष्म भन्दा सूक्ष्म पद्धतिलाई समेत विस्तृत चिरफार गरी भिन्नता अलग्याउनु पनि यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । धर्म, सम्प्रदाय र क्षेत्रफल भन्दा माथि रहेको योग ध्यानको बारेमा हरेक क्षेत्र, वर्ग, स्तर र उमेरका मानिसहरूले युगानुुकूल योगको सही र सत्य जानकारी प्राप्त गर्नका लागि यो शोधलेखले सेतुको कार्य गर्नेछ भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिइएको छ ।

शासन व्यवस्था परिवर्तनको विभेदको पहिलो कष्ठ भोग्ने वर्ग मुक्त कमैया भएको छ । संघ र प्रदेश सरकारले २०७२ सालमा संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र मार्फत तीन तहको सरकार भएपश्चात तत्कालिन एकात्मक शासन व्यवस्थाका आधारमा निर्माण भएका मुक्त कमैयासँग सम्बन्धि कानुन हालसम्म परिवर्तन भएका छैनन् । संघीय सरकारका तर्फबाट नीतिगत रुपमा २०७४ साल देखि मुक्त कमैयाको पहिचान, पुर्नस्थापना तथा उनीहरुको बृद्धि विकास ठप्प जस्तै भएको छ । यो कार्यभार बाध्यकारी तथा जनताको नजिकको सरकारको स्थानीय सरकारले मुक्त कमैया, कमलहरी र उनीहरुका आश्रित परिवारका पक्षमा काम गर्नु पर्ने नीतिगत र विधि संवत् भएकोले पहिलो पटक यस अध्ययनमा स्थानीय तहले दोस्रो पटक जनप्रतिनिधि निर्वाचित भएको अवधिमा २०८०÷०८१ एक वर्षको पारित नीति तथा कार्यक्रम र बजेट बिश्लेषण गर्न जरुरी ठानिएको हो । यसका आधारबाट मुक्त कमैयाको बसोवास रहेका अन्य स्थानीय सरकारका लागि पनि जानकारी मूलक उपयोगी हुने र मुक्त कमैयाका लागि पनि नजिरका रुपमा यो अध्ययन सहयोग बनेको छ । यसले मुक्त कमैया र अन्य वर्गलाई सँगसँगै सेवा र नीतिमा संबोधन गर्नु तर्कसँग नभएको पनि प्रष्ट पार्दछ । तसर्थ मुक्त कमैया विशेष परिस्थितिको उपजको वर्ग हो । यसलाई विषेश तरिकाबाट संबोधन(पुनःस्थापना तथा बृद्धि विकास) गर्नुपर्ने देशको संबैधानिक व्यवस्था अनुसार स्थानीय सरकारले पनि विशेष मार्फत मुक्त कमैयालाई पुनःस्थापना र सेवा प्रदान गर्नु पर्दछ ।

Background: Khaled Hosseini's debut novel, The Kite Runner (2003) reflects the shifting dynamics of city life in Kabul. It presents a narrative of friendship, betrayal, redemption, war, and migration in the backdrop of Kabul. It also explores the complexities of city life and reflects how it is affected by Afghanistan's politics, history, and culture, portraying Kabul before and after the Taliban insurgency. Methods: This study examines the shifting dynamics of city life in Kabul from a cosmopolitan perspective. This research explores the ethnic and sectarian violence in Afghanistan and showcases its impact on the cosmopolitan elements of Kabul city. Result: This research reveals that Kabul had a peaceful life and cosmopolitan character before the outbreak of violence; however, the city gradually lost its cosmopolitanism due to the armed conflict that followed. Conclusion: The multiple dynamics of Kabul City are primarily affected by the war, and the elements of cosmopolitanism reveal a fluctuating nature. Novelty: This research presents a novel perspective on the shifting dynamics of city life in Kabul, providing insight into the cosmopolitan elements and their fluctuating nature.

Background: Arundhati Roy's The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017) examines urban spatiality by portraying marginalized characters navigating unjust constructs in city spaces such as Delhi and Kashmir. Method: Employing the urban spatial theory and right to the city concept developed by Marxist Sociologist Henri Lefebvre, this paper delves into the main characters, Anjum and Tilo, who become the leaders of their marginalized communities. Result: The complexities of contemporary India, characterized by a diverse population living under social injustice and political violence, persist in the growing urban space and fight for their right to city space. Conclusion: Marginalized communities show strong resistance and strive to prove their existence in the grand city spaces. The disregarded hubs mark their territory in the politically commercialized cities. Novelty: The paper promotes a nascent view of Roy's spatial confrontation, which reinvents urbanity as a contested concept where previously disregarded existences regain visibility. This paper scrutinizes the city as a social and spatial product in prominent South Asian cities, such as Delhi.

Background:Tobacco use among adolescents (aged 10–19 years) remains a pressing public health concern, particularly in low-and middle-income countries like Nepal. Despite the presence of tobacco control policies, adolescents continue to access tobacco products. This study assessed effectiveness of a youth-led intervention in shaping adolescents’ attitudes toward tobacco products in Budhanilkantha Municipality, Nepal.Design and Methods:Quasi-experimental pre-post study was conducted among 305 adolescents. The intervention, implemented under the “Youth for Tobacco Initiative,” included sensitization, peer-led education, and stakeholder engagement. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire, which was completed by students in their classroom setting. The questionnaire assessed sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco exposure, and attitudes toward tobacco use. Changes in attitudes were analyzed using paired t-tests and McNemar’s test, with effect size measured by Cohen’s d. Statistical significance was set at the 5% level.Results:Age of the participants ranged between 12 and 18 years (mean age: 15.0 ± 1.32 years). At baseline, 18.7% of adolescents reported tobacco use, and 13.8% reported currently smoking tobacco. Post-intervention, there was a statistically significant improvement in attitudes toward tobacco (mean score increased from 5.86 to 6.12; p = 0.001), with higher recognition of secondhand smoke harms and greater support for public smoking bans. The proportion of adolescents who anticipated smoking in the future declined. Although the effect size was small (Cohen’s d = 0.26), the change was meaningful.Conclusions:Youth-led awareness initiatives can positively influence adolescents’ attitudes toward tobacco, particularly through peer education and community involvement. Integrating such interventions into broader, multi-sectoral strategies can enhance their long-term impact.

The rising demand for developing and piloting on-demand courses in various institutions show a transformation towards flexible, accessible and innovative education practices. As various institutions adopt and adapt this on-demand model to implement the content and documents, the true effectiveness of these courses depends on effective instructional design and full engagement of the learners. This research study explores creative and innovative ideas for developing and piloting on-demand courses that move beyond just telling the content or passive delivery. Grounded in constructivist learning theory and a phenomenological approach, the study applies both qualitative and quantitative feedback from the pilot participants , analyzed through the thematic and triangulated approach. The results highlight key pedagogical and technological insights for effective LMS application such as launching the live events for orientation and recaping the lessons, showing the content with clear instructions not just telling the content, development of organized content, engaging with discussion prompt questions on the LMS, regular communications, tech supports and course updates, exposure of extra bonus materials, right way of prompting AI tools, focus on diversified and inclusiveness of course moderators and learners. Guided by the ADDIE model, the research reveals a practical framework from the planning step to piloting stage of the course development journey. The study concludes with actionable and practical recommendations for policymakers, instructional designers, curriculum developers, teachers and concerned stakeholders to enhance content quality and implement effective on demand learning environment ensuring showing and engaging the participants rather than merely telling the content.