Photometrics (United States)

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) structures emitting near 940 nm were grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Ge(001) substrates. The VCSEL MBE-growth was realized upon a virtual substrate composed of GaAs on Ge grown by melatorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). In situ monitoring during MBE growth employed multispectral reflectometry and magnification-inferred curvature imaging for real-time growth analysis. Curvature measurements revealed progressive compressive stress, while optical reflectivity data confirmed uniform layer growth and accurate stopband formation. Fabricated devices with mesa diameters of 35-40 $μ$m, corresponding to oxide apertures of approximately 11-16 $μ$m, exhibited room-temperature lasing under continuous-wave bias with threshold currents below 3 mA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of monolithically integrated 940 nm VCSELs grown on Ge substrates by MBE. These results confirm the viability of MBE-grown VCSELs on Ge with in situ process control for scalable optoelectronic integration.

ObjectiveThe current study aimed to evaluate the speech outcome of primary Furlow palatoplasty with buccal myomucosal flap (FPBF) versus two flap palatoplasty (TFP) in patients with cleft palate.Materials and methodsThirty patients with cleft palate were included in the current study. Fifteen patients received the primary FPBF as the surgical palatal repair technique, while the other 15 patients received the primary TFP as their cleft palate repair. All surgeries were done by a single surgeon at the age of 9–12 months. Speech assessment was done at the age of 4–8 years, including the amount of hypernasality, speech intelligibility, compensatory misarticulation, and nasopharyngoscopy VP valve competence.ResultsStatistically significant improvements were detected in the 4 assessment methods while comparing primary FPBF versus the TFP groups’ scores.ConclusionPrimary FPBF might be able to improve the speech outcome in comparison to TFP in patients with cleft palate. Clinical significance Primary FPBF improves the amount of hypernasality, speech intelligibility, compensatory misarticulation, and nasopharyngoscopy VP valve competence. Accordingly, it limits the need for further VP repair surgeries. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06856330).Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-025-06695-6.

This study proposes an integrated framework for monitoring dam deformation by combining Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) techniques with in situ measurements and advanced modeling. Leveraging data from the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS), this study demonstrated the capability of InSAR to detect vertical and horizontal displacements, enabling long-term monitoring and early detection of structural anomalies. The methodology integrates multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) data, processed using Persistent Scatterer (PS) and Distributed Scatterer (DS) algorithms, with geotechnical and topographic measurements to ensure reliability and accuracy in deformation analysis. The key contributions of this study include the development of three-dimensional models to visualize and simulate potential failure mechanisms and the application of machine learning algorithms to predict trends and detect anomalous patterns. Additionally, a web-based platform was introduced to streamline data visualization, trend analysis, and tailored reporting, offering accessible tools for stakeholders to enhance decision-making processes. The framework addresses the challenges of monitoring complex hydraulic infrastructure by integrating satellite-based observations with ground-based data, providing a robust and scalable solution for dam safety and management. This study underscores the potential of combining remote sensing, advanced analytics, and traditional monitoring techniques to optimize maintenance, reduce operational risks, and extend the lifespan of critical water infrastructure.

The relatively high price of inorganic fertilizers means that members of the Harapan Jaya Farmer Group are unable to optimally meet their fertilizer needs. On the other hand, farmers have not been able to process their agricultural waste properly which is generally only by burning. This method is not environmentally friendly because it can pollute the air, lose its nitrogen content and kill soil organisms that are useful for plants. In fact, there is no return of crop residues to the land. This condition can cause soil fertility to decrease and requiring more fertilizer inputs. This additional input has an impact on increasing the cost of farming. To solve above problems, this community service program had been undertaken in April to November 2024 through counseling, training and mentoring to farmers who are members of the farmer group as the partner in this program. The focus of this program was mainly on the management of gramine crop waste such as rice and corn which absorb very high silicon element. The results of this service showed that the training participants were very enthusiastic in attending the counselling and could absorb the presented materials. Almost all participants were able to overcome the techniques or methods in the process of making silicon fertilizer during the training. In addition, they were also very interested in trying the fermented and well-designed fertilizer based on the respondent’s assessment. However, applying fertilizer in the form of demo plots requires separate planning in the future because the process of making silicon fertilizer takes very long time.

International audience

One‐dimensional (1D) site response analysis (SRA), which considers vertically propagating seismic waves from the bedrock to the surface, has been a common technique among geotechnical engineers to examine site‐specific ground shaking. However, observations from past earthquakes and analytical studies indicate that idealizations ingrained in 1D SRA may be too severe to capture the ground truth, such as the omissions of spatial variability of soil properties, surface topography, and basin and directivity effects. Physics‐based three‐dimensional ground motion simulations (GMSs) can incorporate these factors and yield more reliable predictions. In this study, we utilize ground motions from 57 physics‐based broadband (from 0 to 8–12 Hz) GMS for a region of Istanbul. A total of 2912 sites with experimentally measured soil profiles that are distributed over the 30 km‐by‐12.5 km area are also modeled as soil columns and analyzed through 1D SRA. The ground responses from 1D SRA and three‐dimensional (3D) GMS are then compared for all 57 earthquake scenarios. These systematic comparisons are then used for examining model features that are correlated with variations in the ratios of various ground motion intensity measures (IMs) and for developing regression‐based formulas that can be used for determining simple factors for the considered region to correctly scale (up or down) the site‐specific ground motion intensities obtained from 1D SRA, including peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and spectral acceleration ( S a ) values.

Abstract Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) is a kind of perovskite material, which can effectively absorb photons in sunlight, with an adjustable band gap and relatively stable performance. Aiming at the problem of photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells, this paper proposes a perovskite solar cell with MAPbI3 as an absorption layer. The device structure adopts a trans structure with good stability and low cost, and the hole transport layer adopts poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS) material, which has good electrical properties and interface properties, and has certain transparency. The electron transport layer adopts tin oxide (SnO2), and its energy band structure is beneficial to carrier transport, and it has excellent electron transport performance and chemical stability, which makes it a material for the electron transport layer. The top electrode and the bottom electrode are made of indium tin oxide (ITO) and aurum (Au) with high reliability respectively. The thickness, band gap, and defect concentration of the battery are simulated by solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS) software. The results show that the thickness and band gap of the absorption layer has great influence on the performance of the battery. The open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current density, filling factor and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the optimized perovskite solar cell reached 1.219 V, 30.1641 mA cm−2, 70.14%, and 25.78% respectively.

Single-molecule junctions (SMJs) may bring exotic physical effects. In this work, a significant thermal rectification effect is observed in a cross-dimensional system, comprising a diamond, a single-molecule junction, and a carbon nanotube (CNT). The molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the interfacial thermal resistance varies with the direction of heat flow, the orientation of the crystal planes of the diamond, and the length of the CNT. We find that the thermal rectification ratio escalates with the length of the CNT, achieving a peak value of 730% with the CNT length of 200 nm. A detailed analysis of phonon vibrations suggests that the primary cause of thermal rectification is the mismatched vibrations between the biphenyl and carbonyl groups. This discovery may offer theoretical insights for both the experimental exploration and practical application of SMJs in efficient thermal management strategy for high power and highly integrated chips.

O clorito de sódio é um sal solúvel em água e possui ampla utilização no ramo industrial, destacando-se na utilização como desinfetante e no tratamento de água. Este composto é considerado um forte agente oxidante, sendo estável quando sólido e instável quando presente em solução. Outrossim, como as oxidações e reduções do clorito são conhecidas por serem difíceis de prever os produtos, este tornou-se então, um dos íons mais prováveis de produzir reações dinâmicas não lineares dentro da química. Assim, a necessidade de uma purificação adequada de clorito, além de colaborar para seu uso industrial, é oriunda da utilização deste em reações onde uma maior pureza dos reagentes é fundamental, devido à dinâmica complexa presente na cinética de reações oscilantes e relógios. Na literatura são descritos inúmeros métodos de purificação e caracterização de clorito, cujos resultados são demasiadamente distintos uns dos outros. Logo, o presente trabalho tem como principais objetivos analisar tais relatos, medindo a pureza e rendimento resultantes, apontando vantagens e desvantagens, produzindo um balanço sobre os métodos mais indicados de purificação e padronização, com os resultados quantitativos das impurezas presentes, detectadas através de diversas técnicas de análise, como a cromatografia de íons, espectrofotometria e diferentes métodos de titulação clássica, como a por precipitação e redução/oxidação.