Ronin Institute

ABSTRACTBelowground eukaryotic diversity serves a vital role in soil ecosystem functioning, yet the composition, structure, and macroecology of these communities are significantly under‐characterized. The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) provides publicly available datasets from long‐term surveillance of numerous taxa and ecosystem properties. However, this dataset is not routinely evaluated for its eukaryotic component, likely because analyzing metagenomes for eukaryotic sequences is hampered by low relative sequence abundance, large genomes, poorer eukaryote representation in public reference databases, and is not yet mainstream. We mined the NEON soil metagenome datasets for 18S rRNA sequences using a custom‐built pipeline and produced a preliminary assessment of biodiversity trends in North American soil eukaryotes. We extracted ~800 18S rRNA reads per sample (~22,000 reads per site) from 1455 samples from 495 plots across 45 NEON sites in 11 biomes, which corresponded to 5183 genera in 35 phyla. To our knowledge, this represents the first large‐scale soil eukaryote analysis of NEON data. We asked whether taxonomic richness paralleled patterns previously established ecological trends and found that eukaryotic richness was negatively correlated with pH, managed sites lowered eukaryotic richness by 47%, most biomes had a distinct eukaryotic community, and fire decreased eukaryotic richness. These findings parallel generally accepted ecological trends and support the notion that NEON soil metagenome datasets can and should be used to explore spatiotemporal patterns in soil eukaryote diversity, its association with ecosystem functioning, and its response to environmental changes in North America.

Since 2014 SAUC1 has provided a search engine to find crystallographic unit cells similar to a given probe cell. The data for the version available on the LRL_WEB, Lattice Representation Library Tool Web Page2, has been updated to report on 191,000 Protein Data Bank macromolecular unit cells and 434,000 small molecule unit cells from the Crystallography Open Database for a searchable database of over 625,000 small molecule and macromolecular unit cells. The update was done in February 2025. The search copes well with complex boundary cases and will be updated approximately semi-annually.A sample of a search for the cells in the vicinity of the chymotrypsinogen cell from PDB entry 7KTY3 is attached.

Due to the wide variation in handwriting styles, writing tools, and image quality. Traditional OCR methods often struggle with cursive or free-form handwriting. This research presents a deep learning-based solution that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for extracting features, Bidirectional LSTMs for understanding text sequences, and CTC loss to align predictions without needing pre-segmented data. Our system is tested on standard datasets like IAM and other different models, supports recognition in multiple languages, including English, Hindi, and Hinglish. The results show improved accuracy compared to traditional methods. This approach is well-suited for real-world applications such as digitizing handwritten documents, processing forms, and creating assistive tools. Future work will focus on enabling real-time use and integrating the system into accessible applications

Abstract The existence and nature of Dark Matter (DM) remains an enigma. The existence of a non-luminous matter is based on the continuation of the matter paradigm. As such it is hypothesized to be the reason for the flat rotational curves in galaxies. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is an alternative view point on the flat rotational curves phenomenon. This work builds upon the recently introduced Reparametrization Invariant Scaling Symmetry (RISS), that introduces scale factor λ(t) relevant for cosmic reparametrization, which can be used to remove the Einstein cosmological constant Λ E from the relevant extended equations of General Relativity (GR) and therefore defines the Scale Invariant Vacuum (SIV) gauge for λ(t). Furthermore, by insisting on a reparametrization symmetry for the equation of motion, the paper demonstrates how to address the missing mass problem at galactic and extragalactic scales, where unproper (non co-moving) time parametrization gives rise to forces needed for appropriate reparametrization symmetry considerations. This approach leads to the derivation of the MOND fundamental relation g ~ a 0 g N within the RISS paradigm, where g is the gravitational acceleration, a 0 is the MOND fundamental acceleration, and gN is the Newtonian gravitational constant. Remarkably, the derived value for a 0 ≈ 10−10m/s2 is found to be consistent with its observed order of magnitude for MOND applications.

_Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation_ (CGLE) is a paradigm of complex dynamics that holds for all spatially extended systems near the onset of oscillatory behavior. CGLE applies to a vast array of phenomena ranging from superconductivity and superfluidity, to Bose-Einstein condensation, astrophysics, nonlinear optics and spatiotemporal chaos. In particular, CGLE describes the formation of dissipative spacetime structures in Reaction-Diffusion (RD) processes. Here we bridge the gap between CGLE and the RD model of _evolving dimensional fluctuations_, the latter being conjectured to arise far above the electroweak scale. Our findings open an intriguing path connecting complex dynamics of dimensional fluctuations to Quantum Physics.

_Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation_ (CGLE) is a paradigm of complex dynamics that holds for all spatially extended systems near the onset of oscillatory behavior. CGLE applies to a vast array of phenomena ranging from superconductivity and superfluidity, to Bose-Einstein condensation, astrophysics, nonlinear optics and spatiotemporal chaos. In particular, CGLE describes the formation of dissipative spacetime structures in Reaction-Diffusion (RD) processes. Here we bridge the gap between CGLE and the RD model of _evolving dimensional fluctuations_, the latter being conjectured to arise far above the electroweak scale. Our findings open an intriguing path connecting complex dynamics of dimensional fluctuations to Quantum Physics.

Leaf-associated fungi, the fungi that depend on leaves to sporulate, have a rich Cenozoic record, however their earlier diversity is poorly characterized. Here we describe Harristroma eboracense gen. et sp. nov., a Middle Jurassic leaf-associated fungus colonizing the leaf cuticle of Nilssonia tenuicaulis (cycadophyte). To place our newly described species into a picture of the diversification of Mesozoic fungi, we reassess fossils with leaf-associated stromata in the context of fungal molecular phylogeny. Being melanized, with radiate stromata, and on leaves, H. eboracense and other fossils from the Jurassic and earlier periods are probably related to filamentous Ascomycota in the superclass Leotiomyceta. Characters needed for further resolution of leaf-associated fungal biology and classification, such as the presence of an ostiole for spore discharge and appressoria for entry into leaf tissue first appear in the Mesozoic fossil record. Among Early Cretaceous fossils, Spataporthe taylorii represents the oldest unambiguous evidence of perithecial Sordariomycetes while Protographum luttrellii and Bleximothyrium ostiolatum are the oldest Dothideomycetes thyriothecia. Environmental observations show that broad leaved gymnosperms (especially cycadophytes) growing in warm temperate wet forests might have been the first environment for the radiation of Leotiomyceta.

As a long-cherished postulate of theoretical physics, _Hamilton’s principle_ (HP) defines the basis of classical mechanics and field theory. We argue here that HP is overturned in physical settings where sensitivity to initial conditions cannot be ignored. We find that the approach to chaos of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems sheds new light on several foundational aspects of effective field theory.