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Метою цієї роботи є визначення перспектив розвідки Карайкозівського родовища за допомогою технології прямих пошуків покладів вуглеводнів. Застосування згаданої технології стало можливим завдяки проведенню в межах родовища 3D сейсмічної зйомки та отриманню необхідних вихідних даних для обчислення сейсмічних індикаторів вуглеводнів. Виявлення покладів вуглеводнів як у структурних, так і в неструктурних пастках виконано за допомогою сейсмічних індикаторів вуглеводнів. Вихідними даними для цього можуть слугувати як сумарні сейсмічні зображення геологічного середовища, так і кутові сейсмічні зображення. Сумарні сейсмічні зображення дозволяють отримати просторові розподіли значень деяких сейсмічних індикаторів вуглеводнів. Просторові розподіли значень інших сейсмічних індикаторів вуглеводнів можна отримати за допомогою кутових сейсмічних зображень. В цій роботі в якості вихідних сейсмічних даних використано сумарні сейсмічні зображенняДля оцінки наявності нових покладів вуглеводнів виконано пряме перетворення сейсмограм спільних джерел на сейсмічне зображення Карайкозівського родовища. З використанням отриманого сейсмічного зображення обчислені просторові розподіли значень сейсмічних атрибутів – огинаючої сейсмічного сигналу та відносного акустичного імпедансу. Отримані просторові розподіли дозволили виявити геологічні тіла, перспективні на наявність вуглеводнів. Такі геологічні тіла можна розглядати як ймовірні неструктурні пастки вуглеводнів.Зроблено висновки про доцільність пошуків і розвідки неструктурних покладів вуглеводнів на Карайкозівському родовищі.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common complication of prematurity, characterised by impaired alveolarisation and pulmonary vascular development. BPD has been associated with an increased risk of respiratory morbidity, neurodevelopmental impairment and death, intensifying a lifelong health and economic burden. The current standard of neonatal care is primarily supportive, with no approved therapies to restore lung development, promote maturation and lung growth or prevent long-term sequelae. Therefore, there is a critical unmet need for novel interventions, particularly in high-risk, extremely premature (EP) infants. In EP infants, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels decrease rapidly and remain low for the first weeks after birth relative to the corresponding foetal levels in utero. OHB-607, a recombinant human IGF-1 combined with its binding protein-3, may replenish IGF-1 during this period of deficiency and support lung and vascular maturation. OHB-607 is being investigated as a first-line therapy to prevent severe BPD in EP infants in a Phase 2b, multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Here, we present the Phase 2b study protocol. Target enrolment is 338 EP infants. To mimic physiological IGF-1 levels in utero, OHB-607 will be administered starting within 24 hours of birth until 29+6 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) via continuous intravenous infusion. The primary endpoint is the incidence of severe BPD, based on the modified National Institute of Child Health and Human Development criteria, or death by 36 weeks PMA. Key secondary endpoints include weaning from respiratory support at 12 months corrected age and BPD severity (Grade 2/3) by the 2019 Neonatal Research Network definition. Other secondary endpoints include other complications of prematurity, neurodevelopmental outcomes and family and infant well-being and social functioning through 24 months' corrected age, and pharmacokinetic and dynamic impact of OHB-607 on the multisystem consequences of prematurity, and overall safety in modifying the natural history of BPD and its consequences. Findings will be disseminated via local and international congresses and publications. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03253263), Clinicaltrialsregister.eu (EudraCT: 2018-001393-16), Euclinicaltrials.eu (EUCT: 2024-515914-41-00) and Pmda.go.jp (PMDA: jRCT2031240339).

The paper considers scientific and engineering aspects of design, optimization, calculation, construction and ensuring manufacturability of production of drive axles of heavy-duty quarry dump trucks. A new method of engineering analysis has been developed for express assessment and limitation of the selection area of the main parameters of gear transmissions of drive axles of BELAZ quarry dump trucks: gear module; number of gear teeth; load on input (output) shafts; maximum rotation frequency of input (output) links; maximum dynamic factor. Distribution of the drive axle gear ratio uвм is made according to the principle of maximizing the torque in the final stage, i.e. in the planetary wheel transmission, which reduces the loads on the differential and axle shafts and their dimensions. When distributing gear ratios, it is necessary to take into account the limitations of ensuring the technological possibility of cutting teeth of bevel gears with a circular tooth of the main transmission on the equipment available at the enterprise. For the first time, the Bbha scheme of a single-row planetary wheel reduction gear with a double-crown satellite has been used on BELAZ extra-large-capacity quarry dump trucks. The adopted design provides an increase in the gear ratio by 1.7...1.8 times compared to a single-row classic Abha planetary reduction gear.

This study presents a framework for automatically constructing skill networks from work history data to enablethe quantitative analysis of engineers’ technical skills. The proposed method consists of three stages: (1) extractingskills from free-text descriptions using a large language model (LLM), (2) normalizing skill expressions using embeddingsand dictionaries, and (3) building skill co-occurrence networks that capture structural relationships amongskills. Applied to work history data across five technical domains in Japanese engineering, the method identifieddomain-specific core skills and quantified their temporal stability over a ten-year span. The analysis revealed thateach domain exhibits a densely connected core structure, with specific technologies and tools consistently occupyingcentral positions. Furthermore, highly connected skills tended to remain stable across years, reflecting the persistenceof core technical competencies in each field. This framework provides a data-driven basis for analyzing engineeringexpertise and supports large-scale skill profiling grounded in empirical engineering work records.

This working paper introduces Behavioral Evidence Accumulation (BEA) as a structural extension of the PADV (Participation–Action–Data–Value) transformation logic. BEA addresses execution-layer discontinuities commonly observed in behavior-dense operational ecosystems, where operational activities occur continuously yet structured evidence formation remains fragmented or reporting-driven. BEA proposes a structural sequence: Operational Activity → Structured Evidence Formation → Cross-Cycle Aggregation → Analytical Interface. Under this approach, disclosure becomes a derivative outcome of accumulated operational continuity rather than its starting point. BEA operates strictly as a pre-analytical execution architecture and does not redefine analytical frameworks, impose materiality thresholds, or exercise interpretive authority. An illustrative conceptual mapping to the LEAP analytical structure is provided solely to demonstrate interface compatibility. No endorsement, certification, or methodological reinterpretation is implied. Analytical sovereignty remains fully external to BEA.

H13 tool steel is widely used in the hot work die industry owing to its excellent mechanical properties. However, the inherent anisotropy of its microstructural and mechanical properties during additive manufacturing (AM) via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) hinders its broader application. In the current study, Ce-containing and as-built samples were prepared in both vertical and horizontal directions, and their microstructures and tensile properties were investigated. Notably, the grain size of the vertical samples is approximately 2.7 μm, which is 19.2% smaller than that of the horizontal samples in L-PBF H13 steel. In addition, the retained austenite (RA) content in the vertical samples reaches as high as 19.7%, whereas in the horizontal samples, it is only 0.4%. After the addition of Ce, the columnar grains of the building direction (BD) samples transform into equiaxed grains. The RA content of the scanning direction (SD) samples and BD samples is 6.3% and 5.7%, respectively. The tensile test results further demonstrate that Ce-containing BD samples exhibit a tensile strength of 2025.3 MPa and an elongation of 17.3%, with the elongation difference between the two directions being only 0.2%. The addition of Ce reduces microstructural anisotropy, resulting in a significant decrease in the mechanical property anisotropy of the formed parts.

We read with great interest the study by Kim et al. [1] regarding the influence of subconjunctival anaesthesia duration on pain perception during intravitreal injections (IVIs). Their proposed 3-min waiting period presents a compelling solution for balancing effective analgesia with clinical efficiency. Although these findings are indeed insightful, a more granular examination of certain details within the study's design and data analysis is warranted to fully appraise the robustness of their conclusions. Firstly, the study's discussion on limitations correctly notes its single-blind design but overlooks a more critical potential confounder: performance bias from the unblinded injectors [2]. An injector's awareness of a shorter, theoretically more painful wait time could inadvertently alter their technique or communication. This performance bias, if present, could systematically inflate the reported pain scores in the 2-min group, potentially overstating the magnitude of the therapeutic effect observed when extending the wait time to 3 min. This prompts a question regarding the study's protocol: were measures implemented to standardise the injectors' technique and communication, such as mandating a fixed injection speed or using scripted reassurances, to mitigate this potential bias? For future research, a rigorous double-blind protocol is essential to validate these findings. A design where wait times are managed by a third party who activates a pre-set, patient-inaudible timer to signal the injector would be invaluable for eliminating this confounder and strengthening the study's evidentiary rigour. Secondly, a review of baseline characteristics reveals a notable imbalance in the number of prior injections, which serves as a key confounder. This imbalance is particularly concerning as prior injection experience can significantly modulate pain perception through mechanisms such as pain habituation or anticipatory anxiety, leading to potential residual confounding [3]. Although the authors report a non-significant p-value (p = 0.42) for this variable, this statistical finding does not fully mitigate the risk of clinically relevant bias. To transparently assess this impact, we suggest the authors present the unadjusted and ANCOVA-adjusted mean visual analogue pain scale scores side-by-side. Furthermore, reporting the effect size of the adjustment would allow readers to precisely quantify the impact of this baseline imbalance. As a further step to bolster confidence, a sensitivity analysis, such as stratifying results by high versus low prior injection experience (e.g., > 15 vs. ≤ 15 injections), could validate whether the effect of wait time is consistent across these clinically distinct subgroups, thereby greatly enhancing the study's robustness. Lastly, a notable inconsistency emerges in the study's findings, where univariate analysis identified laterality as a significant pain predictor (p = 0.03), yet its influence was dismissed based on a ‘cursory examination’ claiming that exclusion did not alter conclusions. This non-standard terminology is perplexing: does ‘exclusion’ imply variable removal from a model, or a sensitivity analysis on a patient subset? Such ambiguity hinders rigorous validation, especially given the substantial baseline imbalance, where right-eye injections constituted 55% of the 3-min group versus only 38.3% of the 5-min group. Since the authors themselves hypothesise heightened pain in right eyes due to ocular dominance, the superior analgesia in the 5-min group risks being confounded by its lower prevalence of inherently more painful right-eye procedures [4]. To resolve this uncertainty, we urge the authors to present a subgroup analysis stratified by laterality. Demonstrating the pain score trends specifically within ‘right-eye only’ or ‘left-eye only’ cohorts would most effectively verify whether the extended wait time confers an independent clinical benefit, unconfounded by this significant baseline asymmetry. In summary, the constructive points we have raised are intended to foster a more profound and rigorous examination of the study's key findings. By highlighting potential sources of bias and suggesting supplementary analyses, we aim to stimulate a productive academic dialogue, with the ultimate goal of collaboratively refining pain management strategies for IVIs. The authors have nothing to report. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abstract The insulation resistance (IR) degradation of BaTiO 3 ‐based multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) is predominantly attributed to the migration and accumulation of oxygen vacancies () toward the cathode. This study innovatively investigates the spatial distribution characteristics of using cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy. The physical mechanism of CL emission primarily involves the recombination of electrons and holes between defect energy levels, such as those associated with , barium vacancies (), and Ti 3+ , and the valence and conduction bands. CL test results indicated that the , , and Ti 3+ concentration progressively increased from the central region of the MLCCs toward the electrode edges, and further to the external ceramic layer. Destructive physical analysis and computed tomography were performed on MLCCs that experienced breakdown failure after IR degradation. The analysis revealed that over 90% of the failure initiation sites were located at the electrode edges, indicating that a high concentration promotes failure occurrence. Furthermore, the combined effect of localized electric field concentration and the propensity for heat accumulation also plays a critical role, making the electrode edge along the W‐direction the most susceptible site for failure initiation. This study provides a theoretical foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the IR degradation behavior in MLCCs.

Accurate in-situ acquisition of high-frequency vibration signals remains a critical technical challenge. Conventional vibration sensors suffer from limited bandwidth and insufficient dynamic response, making them inadequate for effectively capturing high-frequency signals. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel fiber-optic vibration sensor based on the Fabry-Pérot (F-P) interference principle. The sensor adopts an integrated design in which a resonant cavity, sensing diaphragm, and hollow cavity are directly fabricated onto the tip of a single-mode optical fiber using two-photon 3D printing technology. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to optimize the structural parameters. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor effectively captures both continuous high-frequency vibrations and transient impact signals. Specifically, the sensor exhibits a broad frequency response ranging from 115 kHz to 305 kHz, and maintains an average sensitivity of 25 mV/g within the range of 0.5 to 10 kHz. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of the sensor are as high as 45.5 dB@115kHz and 58.8 dB@305kHz, respectively. This performance demonstrates that proposed sensor is among the most advanced in the family of fiber-optic vibration sensor, with significant potential for applications such as structure health monitoring, ultrasonic detection, and mechanical fault diagnosis.