Ulaanbaatar International University

While there are relatively few terms related to horse gaits in the hippology study, words with such characteristics are relatively abundant in the structure of Mongolian folk riddles and proverbs.This is partly because the nomadic economy that Mongolians have been engaged in since ancient times involves constant interaction with livestock, which are living objects with their own unique behaviors, emotions, and temperaments. The appearance and physical characteristics of these animals change according to seasonal and climatic conditions，so it requires to be keen on observational skills to manage and care for their livestock from nomads.Therefore, nomads develop the ability to distinguish their own hundreds of livestock from one another, as well as from those of other families, by identifying and naming their unique characteristics, such as color, age, sex, behavior, and movement patterns.Thus, the Mongolian language has been developed with a extensive and nuanced vocabulary related to livestock, reflecting the importance of animal husbandry in Mongolian culture and daily life. By observing the structure of folk proverbs and riddles alone, we can see that Mongolians have categorized the basic movements of horses into 11 general categories, and within those categories, they have distinguished and described over 50 different variations, creating a semantic field that names and describes horse movements. Монгол хэлэнд "адууны явдал" хэмээх утгын орны зарим онцлог Хураангуй: Монголчуудын өнө эртнээс нааш эрхэлсээр ирсэн нүүдлийн аж ахуй нь байнгын хөдөлгөөнтэй, сэтгэл хөдлөлтэй, өөр өөрийн ааш авиртай амьд объект болсон мал амьтантай харьцдаг; тэдгээрийн зүс, гадаад төрх нь улирал, байгаль цаг уурын онцлогоос шалтгаалж хувирч өөрчлөгддөг; тэднийг эрэх хайх, зүслэх шаардлага зайлшгүй урган гардаг учраас нүүдэлчдээс ажигч гярхай чанарыг зүй ёсоор шаарддаг. Иймээс нүүдэлчид өөрийн хотны хэдэн арваас эхлээд хэдэн зуун малыг өөр хооронд нь төдийгүй бусад айл, саахалтын малаас ялгахын тулд тэдний өнгө зүс, нас хүйс, авир араншин, явдал хөдөлгөөн зэрэг өвөрмөц шинжүүдийг ялган тогтоож малд нүдтэй болдог. Ийнхүү монголчууд нь хэдэн мянган жилийн турш нүүдлийн аж ахуй эрхлэх явцдаа мал маллах өвөрмөц арга ухаан, соёлыг цогцлоон хөгжүүлж, малынхаа тэрхүү нийтлэг болон өвөрмөц онцлог шинжийг нарийн танин мэдсэн мэдлэгээ монгол хэлэндээ шингээн хадгалсаар иржээ. Ингэж монгол хэлэнд нүүдлийн соёл, таван хошуу малтай холбоотой шаталсан шинжтэй олон арван утгын орон, тэдгээрийг бүрдүүлсэн үгийн сангийн баялаг нэрлэлтийг бий болгожээ. Эдгээрээс бид малын явдал, тэр дундаас “адууны явдал” гэсэн утгын оронд хамаарах нэрлэлтийг монгол ардын оньсого, зүйр цэцэн үгийн өнгөн бүтцээс хөөн судлахад монголчууд адууны үндсэн явдлыг ерөнхийд нь 11 ангилж, тэдгээрийг дотор нь 50 гаруй янзаар ялгаж, дүрслэн нэрлэжээ. Түлхүүр үгс: утгын орон, адууны явдал заасан үгс (алхах, шогших, хатирах, давхих гэх мэт)

Abstract. Forest ecosystems in semi-arid boreal regions, such as those in Darkhan-Uul province, Mongolia, serve as critical reservoirs of biodiversity and carbon while facing escalating anthropogenic and climatic pressures. Despite covering 22.4% (~733 km2) of the province, these birch- and larch-dominated forests exhibit declining resilience due to unsustainable land-use practices, illegal logging, and climate-induced disturbances, necessitating advanced monitoring frameworks for sustainable forest management (SFM). This study introduces the Spectral Forest Index (SFI), a novel composite metric derived from Sentinel-2 multispectral data within a Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, to quantify spatiotemporal variations in forest health, productivity, and species composition. By integrating normalized difference and ratio-based indices (e.g., NDVI, RVI), the SFI synthesizes canopy structural attributes, photosynthetic activity, and biomass dynamics across monthly intervals (May–October 2020–2024), enable monitoring of forest cover, health, and species composition, with quality control measures ensuring data reliability. Results reveal pronounced spatial heterogeneity in forest degradation, with SFI depressions strongly correlated with overgrazing and anthropogenic land conversion, while regenerative trajectories align with targeted reforestation initiatives. The SFI’s sensitivity to ecological stressors (e.g., drought, pest infestations) underscores its utility as a scalable, policy-relevant tool for monitoring carbon sequestration potential and guiding adaptive management. This research advances remote sensing applications in SFM, offering a transferable framework for reconciling ecological preservation with socio-economic demands in vulnerable boreal ecosystems.

Political protection is a universal phenomenon. The researchers have studied in detail the crucial importance of patronage in maintaining the balance of clients. Therefore, the concept of support is widely used in modern political research. However, it is still unclear what patronage means, how to understand it, and whether it can be translated into Mongolian. In the course of this paper, researchers explored how the concept of sponsorship can be understood and applied in Mongolia. Улс төрийн патронаж хэмээх ойлголтыг хэрхэн ойлгж, орчуулж хэрэглэх тухайд Хураангуй: Улс төрийн патронаж нь нийтлэг үзэгдэл болно. Харилцан ашигтай клиэнтелист харилцаа бүрэлдэн бий болоход патронаж онцгой ач холбогдолтой гэдгийг судлаачид онцолсон байдаг. Энэ ч учраас орчин үеийн улс төрийн судалгаанд патронаж хэмээх ойлголтыг өргөнөөр ашиглах болсон. Гэвч патронаж гэж юуг хэлэх, хэрхэн ойлгох, тэрчлэн Монгол хэлнээ орчуулан хэрэглэж болох эсэх тухайд судлаачдын байр суурь өнөөг хүртэл тодорхойгүй байна. Тус өгүүллээр уламжлан судлаачид патронажийн тухай ойлголт, түүнийг монгол хэлнээ хэрхэн орчуулж, хэрэглэх тухайд санал дэвшүүлэхийг оролдсон болно. Түлхүүр үгс: Төрийн байгууллага, улс төрийн патронаж, төрийн албаны томилгоо, патрон-клиэнтийн харилцаа

Taking the mental health of college students as the research object, this paper discusses the family factors, personal factors, school factors and social factors affecting the mental health of college students. It is concluded that family education and family atmosphere in family factors, personality characteristics and ability to cope with stress in individual factors, education mode and psychological counseling services in school factors, and social support and social environment in social factors all have an impact on college students' mental health. This study provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for college students' mental health education, which is of great significance for promoting college students' mental health.

Since the reform and opening up, the comprehensive ability of the country has been continuously improved, and the requirements for talents are also getting higher and higher. Therefore, we have invested a lot of money in the development and training of universities, which brings a rare opportunity for the development and training of talents in our universities. Today, the shortage of higher education resources, more than one thousand colleges and universities to a certain extent can solve the needs of modern China, but now, "Chinese and foreign universities", "double top" construction has become the object of colleges, and the construction of high quality, high level of university, cannot leave the optimization of teachers and incentives for teachers.

With the introduction of the "Double Reduction" policy by the Chinese Government and the State Council, after-school services have emerged and become more popular. Parents' basic working hours conflict with their children's after-school hours, making it impossible for them to pick up their children on time. In addition, due to the generally low literacy level of parents, there is a lack of professional leadership in their children's education and growth, and it is even more difficult to tutor their children's studies. In view of this, the author conducted an innovative research on after-school service and actively explored the practical measures of primary school after-school service in the mobile Internet environment. Investigated the current situation of after-school services in primary schools, analysed the prospects of implementing after-school services through the mobile Internet environment, explored measures such as carrying out thematic mini-lectures, developing special school-based courses, classifying and pushing fables and celebrity stories, developing mini-games and designing comprehensive mini-practices, etc., and pushed the implementation through the mobile Internet, which received good results and effectively made up for the shortcomings of parents' only needs and traditional after-school services.

With the rapid development of digital technology, the field of oral medicine is undergoing a revolutionary change. As a leader in the industry, its market environment and development strategy have attracted much attention. By using the PEST analysis framework, this paper makes a comprehensive and thorough analysis of the market environment of Bondent oral digital platform from four aspects of politics, economy, society and technology. Based on the results of the PEST analysis, this paper further explores the development strategy of the Bondent oral digital platform. While maintaining the technological innovation, the Bowen platform should strengthen the communication and cooperation with the government, medical institutions and consumers, deepen the market penetration, and enhance the brand influence. In addition, the Bondent platform should also focus on the competitive situation in the industry, constantly optimize the service process, improve the user experience, in order to cope with the increasingly fierce market competition. The research in this paper provides a useful reference for the Bowen oral digital platform to develop reasonable development strategies in the complex and changeable market environment, and also provides a reference for the market analysis and strategy development of other oral digital platforms.

With the rapid development of science and technology, big data is becoming an important resource for enterprise management. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current situation of Chinese enterprise management under big data, conduct cause analysis, and propose corresponding countermeasures. By reviewing and analysing relevant literature, we find that in the era of big data, Chinese enterprises face challenges in data acquisition, data processing and data application, data security privacy and protection. Then, we analyse the causes from four aspects: data dispersion and fragmentation, data quality issues, data privacy and security issues, and technology and talent shortage. Finally, in order to make full use of the opportunities that big data brings to enterprises, Chinese enterprises need to establish a sound data strategy, strengthen data security and protection, build a data-driven decision-making system, strengthen data sharing and cooperation, continuously innovate and optimise their business models, strengthen data governance, broaden the field of data applications, and cultivate high-quality data analytics talents. These countermeasures will help Chinese enterprises better cope with the challenges posed by the era of big data and achieve sustained innovation and development.

Abstract Background As the average life expectancy and the proportion of the elderly population increases, approaches that limit their policies, programs, and activities to health issues are changing worldwide. International organizations, such as the WHO, United Nations, have pledged their member countries to update their policies on the elderly population and increase their psychological and social participation over the next 20 years. We determined social demographic factors of life satisfaction among Mongolian older adults. Methods A cross-sectional study recruited three hundred four older adults recruited by geriatric doctors and seniors’ association units in urban and rural areas of Mongolia. The questionnaire included life satisfaction, social network, loneliness, social participation, self-rated health, and demographics. We used multiple linear regression analyses. Result: Life Satisfaction of the older adults living in urban is higher than those living in rural area (β = 0.954, p = 0.001). Good self-rate of health (β = 1.013 p = 0.001), voluntary work (β = 0.847 p = 0.001), and employment increase life satisfaction levels. Life satisfaction scores increased by 0.3 points for male older adults with a 1-point increase in education, 0.9 points for women living in cities (β = 0.929 p = 0.002), and 0.8 points for volunteering (β=0.790 p=0.006) respectively. However, when the loneliness score increases by one, the satisfaction score decreases by 0.3 points (β = -0.353 p = 0.013). Conclusions: The level of satisfaction of the Mongolian older adults is associated with self-rate of health, education level, loneliness, social activities, and living areas.