Эластичные хоны для полирования профилей зубьев термообработанных цилиндрических колес специального назначения

Purpose: Medical elementology and its subsection nuclear physics medical elementology, as the most important areas of biomedical science, are still insufficiently included in the arsenal of medical radiology as a fundamental basis for the development and use of new methods for diagnosing and treating various diseases, including oncological ones. For the successful establishment of nuclear physics medical elementology as a new scientific discipline, it is necessary to develop a clear methodology for its further development. Results: The definition of the subject of research and the main postulates of medical elementology is given. The close interrelation of knowledge about the content and metabolism of chemical elements, as well as their radioactive and stable isotopes, with the needs of medical radiology is shown. The following areas of research are considered: 1) The use of chemical elements, as well as their radioactive and stable isotopes in medicine; 2) Visualization of organs and tissues, as well as in vivo determination of the content of chemical elements in them; 3) Nuclear physical methods for determining chemical elements in samples of tissues and fluids of the human body in solving oncological problems; 4) The role of chemical elements in calculating absorbed doses during radiotherapy; 5) The use of nuclear physical methods in the formation of groups at increased risk of cancer. A range of modern nuclear physics analytical methods acceptable in clinical practice and as an adequate research tool is outlined. The need for the integrated use of nuclear physics analytical technologies to obtain reference values ​​for the content of chemical elements in various organs, tissues and fluids of the human body in normal and various pathological conditions, as well as to organize the strictest quality control of measurements and unify methodological approaches is demonstrated. The modern possibilities of using the achievements of nuclear physics medical elementology in solving the problems of medical radiology are determined and the priorities for the future are outlined. Conclusion: The steady development of nuclear physical methods of chemical elements analysis and their implementation in medicine is constantly expanding the scope of possibilities of medical elementology. The development of this area will certainly make a significant contribution to the future successes of medical radiology.

Research subject. The Lake Sabakty sediments core, as a source of data on the Holocene and Lateglacial environments in the Southern Urals.Aim. To obtain a multiple regression model for quantitative reconstructions of the electrical conductivity of water based on the geochemistry of lake sediments and to reconstruct the Late Glacial and Holocene environments based on the study of the Lake Sabakty geochemical record.Materials and methods. After determination of correlations between the content of chemical elements in lake sediments and hydrochemical parameters of 107 Ural lakes, multiple regression models were obtained. Reconstructions were performed based on the results obtained by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS 14C), 210Pb activity determination, and an analysis of chemical elements and organic matter contents in the sediment core.Results. Three multiple regression models using the concentrations of Na, Ca, Li, and Sr were obtained for electrical conductivity of water reconstruction. In the cold and dry Lateglacial (>12.0 ka cal BP), Lake Sabakty was a slightly brackish reservoir. During the transition from the Lateglacial to the Holocene (12–11.6 ka cal BP), the Lake Sabakty became more productive. In the Early (11.6–8.2 ka cal BP) and Middle (8.2–4.2 ka cal BP) Holocene, the electrical conductivity of water varied under the action of fluctuations in effective moisture. In the Late Holocene (4.2 ka cal BP – present), the Lake Sabakty became less saline due to an increase in effective moisture.Conclusions. The proposed multiple regression models enable rapid quantitative reconstructions of the electrical conductivity of water, which are particularly relevant for Lateglacial–Early Holocene sediments with a low number of microfossils. The Lake Sabakty geochemical record reflects global and regional climatic fluctuations, being more informative compared to the geochemical records of forest lakes in the Southern Urals. The decrease in the electrical conductivity of water of Lake Sabakty of approximately 7.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP coincides with similar data for several other lakes in the Urals.

Рассматривается современное состояние и общие тенденции в развитии системы стандартизации в области зубчатых передач. Обсуждаются проблемы гармонизации стандартов ГОСТ, СТБ с международными и национальными стандартами других стран, в частности, стандартов, регламентирующих требования по геометрии исходных контуров, показателям точности, детерминированным и вероятностным методам расчета на прочность, то есть вопросы разработки рекомендаций по созданию проекта новых базовых стандартов, не противоречащих требованиям стандартов ISO и сохраняющих полезные стороны отечественных документов, имеющих многолетний опыт использования. Кроме того, при переходе к международным стандартам необходимо учитывать специфику установленных норм прочности, производства и эксплуатации зубчатых передач в различных отраслях техники. Показаны недостатки стандартов ГОСТ на зубчатые передачи, которые ранее были основой, регулирующей отношения между покупателями и производителями зубообрабатывающего оборудования и инструментов. В настоящее время зарубежное станкостроение создало принципиально новые конструкции оборудования и инструмента для производства и контроля зубчатых передач. Принципиально изменилась технология изготовления зубчатых передач. Отечественные изготовители зубчатых передач продолжают пользоваться устаревшими стандартами и сохраняют принципы старых технологий изготовления зубчатых передач. В связи с необходимостью реагировать на требования по снижению шума и повышения ресурса зубчатых передач начинается закупка отдельных видов зарубежного зубообрабатывающего оборудования. Попытки внедрить современное зубообрабатывающее оборудование для изготовления зубчатых передач по устаревшим стандартам ГОСТ и в устаревшие технологии в конечном итоге не приводит к требуемому улучшению качества изготовления зубчатых передач. Отдельные разделы посвящены конкретному описанию стандартов, касающихся видов повреждений зубчатых колес и технологических процессов их изготовления.

The article provides a comprehensive study of the organizational and economic mechanisms of logging activities as a key subsystem of the timber industry complex within the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation. The study presents a structural and functional analysis of the logging management system in the penitentiary system, identifying systemic contradictions and threats to economic security. The improvement of the legal framework, technological equipment, wood processing, and human resource development are considered as significant factors for increasing efficiency. Based on the analysis, a two-instrument mechanism for ensuring economic security is proposed, based on the synergy of legal regulation and financial-economic stimulation. The results of the study allow for the formation of a systemic understanding of the interconnections between the components of the timber industry complex in the penitentiary system and identify priority directions for its sustainable and secure functioning in modern economic conditions.

Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена тем, что современные условия хозяйствования в российской экономике предопределяют изменение всех факторов воспроизводственного процесса и влияют на принятие коммерческих решений. В связи с этим существует необходимость выявление путей повышения эффективности деятельности торговых организаций. Интеграция предприятий розничной торговли в рыночные условия хозяйствования требует преобразований в деятельности и совершенствования методов управления ее ресурсами. Постоянные изменения, сопровождающие развитие сферы розничной торговли, вынуждают руководителей организаций изыскивать скрытые резервы, обеспечивающие динамичное функционирование. Одним из внутренних резервов является повышение эффективности управления товарными запасами. Цель. Цель научного исследования заключается в изучении особенностей управления товарными запасами на предприятиях розничной торговли. Предмет исследования: управление товарными запасами в розничной торговле. Объект исследования: предприятия розничной торговли Методология. Теоретической основой работы являются работы ученых экономистов в сфере экономики и анализа деятельности торгового предприятия, коммерческой деятельности, управления товарными запасами, а именно Баль А.В., Дыбская В.В., Григорьев М.Н., Магомедов Ш.Ш., Петрова А.Т., Стерлингова А.Н. Методами исследования являются приемы и способы диалектического метода познания, метод логического анализа, теоретический анализ источников, сравнительный анализ. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that modern economic conditions in the Russian economy determine the change in all factors of the reproduction process and affect the adoption of commercial decisions. In this regard, there is a need to identify ways to improve the performance of trade organizations. The integration of retail enterprises in the market economy requires transformations in activities and improvement of methods for managing its resources. The constant changes that accompany the development of the retail sector are forcing heads of organizations to seek hidden reserves to ensure dynamic operation. One of the internal reserves is to increase the efficiency of inventory management. Goal. The purpose of the research is to study the characteristics of inventory management in retail enterprises. Subject of research: inventory management in retail. Object of study: retailers Methodology. The theoretical basis of the work is the work of scientific economists in the field of economics and analysis of the activities of a commercial enterprise, commercial activity, inventory management, namely Bal A.V., Dybskaya V.V., Grigoryev M.N., Magomedov Sh.Sh., Petrova A.T., Sterlingova A.N. Research methods are the techniques and methods of the dialectical method of cognition, the method of logical analysis, theoretical analysis of sources, comparative analysis.

Актуальность. Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена тем, что современные условия хозяйствования в российской экономике предопределяют изменение всех факторов воспроизводственного процесса и влияют на принятие коммерческих решений. В связи с этим существует необходимость выявление путей повышения эффективности деятельности торговых организаций. Интеграция предприятий розничной торговли в рыночные условия хозяйствования требует преобразований в деятельности и совершенствования методов управления ее ресурсами. Постоянные изменения, сопровождающие развитие сферы розничной торговли, вынуждают руководителей организаций изыскивать скрытые резервы, обеспечивающие динамичное функционирование. Одним из внутренних резервов является повышение эффективности управления товарными запасами. Цель. Цель научного исследования заключается в оценке результатов управления товарными запасами на предприятиях торговли. Предмет исследования: управление товарными запасами в розничной торговле. Объект исследования: предприятие розничной торговли ООО Тетра Методология. Теоретической основой работы являются работы ученых экономистов в сфере экономики и анализа деятельности торгового предприятия, коммерческой деятельности, управления товарными запасами, а именно Баль А.В., Дыбская В.В., Григорьев М.Н., Магомедов Ш.Ш., Петрова А.Т., Стерлингова А.Н. Методами исследования являются приемы и способы диалектического метода познания, метод логического анализа, теоретический анализ источников, сравнительный анализ. Relevance. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that modern economic conditions in the Russian economy determine the change in all factors of the reproduction process and affect the adoption of commercial decisions. In this regard, there is a need to identify ways to improve the performance of trade organizations. The integration of retail enterprises in the market economy requires transformations in activities and improvement of methods for managing its resources. The constant changes that accompany the development of the retail sector are forcing heads of organizations to seek hidden reserves to ensure dynamic operation. One of the internal reserves is to increase the efficiency of inventory management. Goal. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the results of inventory management at trade enterprises. Subject of research: inventory management in retail. Object of study: retailer Methodology. The theoretical basis of the work is the work of scientific economists in the field of economics and analysis of the activities of a commercial enterprise, commercial activity, inventory management, namely Bal A.V., Dybskaya V.V., Grigoryev M.N., Magomedov Sh.Sh., Petrova A.T., Sterlingova A.N. Research methods are the techniques and methods of the dialectical method of cognition, the method of logical analysis, theoretical analysis of sources, comparative analysis.

Today, modern software and hardware of information technologies are used to automate production processes, starting from modeling of technical developments and automated computer systems. This study is aimed at describing the process of implementing software support for economic analysis of the enterprise, which will calculate the main economic indicators and informatively display the calculated data. The object of the study is an automated system for calculating and maintaining the main economic indicators of the enterprise. The subject of research is methods of database design and development, data visualization and web applications. A review of literature sources allowed to conclude that most often to assess the economic performance of the enterprise, standard technologies are used, which the authors adapt to specific economic problems. In addition, the analysis of modern research has not identified a single software product that would collect, accumulate, analyze information and calculate the main indicators of economic activity of the enterprise, as well as monitor changes in such indicators in the dynamics. Automation of calculation of economic indicators, statistical analysis and visualization of data gives the chance to carry out effective management of the enterprise in modern economic conditions. The developed system allows to analyze the use of fixed assets; working capital analysis; analysis of the use of labor resources; profitability analysis; analysis of financial stability of enterprises. The paper shows the process of developing a functional model of a web application for the automated calculation of key economic indicators, and presents the advantages and disadvantages of working with the PostgreSQL database management system. The structure of the developed database, which consists of four tables, is given. An example of the work of the developed web application is presented.

As gears that have been honed offer excellent wear characteristics and are extremely quiet, gear honing has become an essential part in the production of high-speed transmissions. In this paper, a novel gear honing technology based on toothskipped gearing theory is proposed. So far, this theory has been used only in the gear dynamic integrated error measuring machine, which was invented by a Chinese engineer. It is the first time that the theory has been introduced into gear manufacturing. Firstly, the whole tooth-skipped honing process is analyzed by taking the rack and pinion as an example. Secondly, the kinematics model of relationship between the rack and the gear is established, which takes the rack addendum meshing process, the gear addendum meshing process and the involute meshing process into consideration. Finally, the boundary points of each process are analyzed. The velocity curve of the gear to be manufactured is obtained. Tooth-skipped gear honing as a gear fine finishing approach has high processing efficiency and can increase the gear quality.

Subject of research. Tenderization (softening) of meat raw materials by using technological equipment with various working bodies. Purpose. Study of the technological features of raw meat tenderization under mechanical and hydro-mechanical action of tenderizers and multi-needle brine injectors, respectively. Methods. In order to carry out research, we used a systematic approach to factual materials, in particular, scientific and scientific-practical literature, legal acts, regulatory documents, etc., abstract-logical approach to generalize the results of the study and formulate conclusions. The experimental treatment of whole muscle meat raw materials was performed using a pneumatic brine injector brand Ya5-FSh1L with 50 needles. Results. Several methods of softening raw materials have been developed, among which mechanical tenderization takes not the last place. Meat cuts are mechanically tenderized and/or enhanced to add value to lower quality cuts by improving sensory attributes such as palatability and tenderness. The term “mechanically tenderized” is defined as “manipulating meat with deep penetration by processes which may be referred to as “blade tenderizing,” “jaccarding,” “pinning,” “needling,” or using blades, pins, needles or any mechanical device”. The tenderization process fulfilled without simultaneous injection of pickling brines is dry tenderization. The main methods for the practical implementation of the process of softening meat raw materials are piercing with knives or needles, passing through paired rollers equipped with a notch or wedge-shaped teeth, processing using plates with a notched surface. The wet tenderization is achieved when meats are penetrated by injection needles saturating muscle tissue with pickling brines. The research fulfilled showed that for tenderization of meat of increased hardness, the most effective diameter of needles is 2.5-3.5 mm. The smallest tenderizing effect is observed when raw meat is processed with needles with a diameter of 2 mm. When needles with a diameter of 2 mm are used, the nature of the mechanical action is essentially closer to the separation of muscle and connective fibers without significant incisions. However, combine effect of the mechanical action and hydro-mechanical action upon the treated meats has not yet been properly studied so the corresponding research shall be held in future. Scope of research results. The results of the experiments will be used to improve the technology and specialized equipment for injection of whole muscle meat raw materials to increase the profitability of meat processing, food safety of meat products, and to enhance their quality.

Chapter 15 - Achieving sustainability in machining of cylindrical gears

The technology currently used for the fabrication of toothed wheels, gear couplings and chain drums involves the induction hardening process or hardening and tempering after carburising. All these processes take a long time and cause adverse changes in the dimensions and surface quality of products, requiring post-treatment machining to remove the resulting cavities. The paper proposes the implementation of gear elements made of ductile iron with nanoausferritic matrix obtained by a new appropriate heat treatment process. The new material offers good performance characteristics and nearly no need for the application of other technological processes commonly used in the manufacture of gears.

A great number of various factors to a different extent impact iron ore treatment, properties of mineral composition of ore and parameters of technological equipment being some of them. To solve the problem of improving performance of a concentration plant in terms of the concentrate, it is required to elaborate effective scheduled procedures, upgrade technological equipment, develop methods of control over concentration processes considering technological properties of ore fed. There is suggested a method of improving efficiency of magnetic concentration of iron ore under the action of high-intensity ultrasound. There are established dependencies between physical-mechanical and chemical-mineralogical characteristics of iron ore slurry solids and their behavior in technological flows under controlled ultrasonic vibrations, this enabling simulation modelling of the process and specification of optimal controlling actions. The research object is assessment of characteristics and control of iron ore magnetic concentration on the technological line of the ore concentration plant. The research subject is the cyber-physical system based on using impacts of highintensity ultrasound on slurry solids to assess characteristics of iron ore magnetic concentration. Obtained dependencies and mathematical models of the non-linear spatial process of high-intensity ultrasound propagation in the iron ore slurry enable implementing the method of assessing characteristics of iron ore magnetic concentration and due to this increase efficiency of the mentioned operations. There are suggested methods of calculating intensity of high-intensity ultrasound in a certain point of the measurement area in order to perform forecast displacement of ground ore particles and changes of the fraction composition of slurry solids under the controlled action of high-intensity ultrasonic vibrations. The developed method and the software-engineering complex for its implementation enable restoring a function of distributing ground ore particles by sizes, forecasting results of technological operations and forming controlling actions.

The research object in the work is the printed circuit boards (PCB) Production technological process using the additive technology of photopolymer 3D printing. The existing problem is that the manufacturing process of single-sided and double-sided PCBs, simple in technology, from the third to the fifth accuracy class, requires the use of a large amount of consumables and technological equipment. In turn, this affects the cost of the product. The research subject is models and methods for manufacturing PCB using photopolymer 3D printing. In order to reduce the cost of materials: film or aerosol photoresist, as well as reduce the number of technological operations, applying photoresist and for the manufacture of PCBs stencils, it is proposed to use photopolymer 3D printing technologies for the manufacture of PCBs. The paper analyzes the costs of Plexiwire Resin Basic Orange Transparen photopolymer resin for the manufacture of single-sided PCBs and calculates the cost of the consumable (resin) compared to the costs of dry film photoresist. 60 % cost of consumables (photopolymer resin) compared to dry film photoresist for making single-sided PCBs. The work is aimed at determining the dependence of the geometric dimensions of the PСВs topology and the consumption of photopolymer resin on the technological parameters of photopolymer exposure. A regression correlation model of the dependence of resin consumption on exposure parameters has been developed and correlation coefficients have been calculated. It has been established that with an increase in the exposure time of the photopolymer resin, the consumption of the photopolymer resin increases and the deviation of the geometric dimensions of the PCBs topology increases, which in turn negatively affects the quality of the product. Therefore, using the obtained regression model, it is possible to calculate the influence of parameters on the PCB topology and reduce the deviation of conductor sizes and resin consumption.

This paper describes the production, quality and tests of plastic gears made by fused filament fabrication (FFF). Different 3D printers of low and high quality and four different materials were tested: PLA, ABS, PA and PA carbon fiber composite. After optimizing the print parameters, various gears were manufactured and tested. The geometry and the test procedure were executed based on the VDI 2736 standard. This paper is a feasibility study of the fatigue strength of different gears. There is no material data set for the specific FFF-Materials and certain printers. The results show, that the quality of the printing process and the accuracy of the geometry are not responsible for the failure mode. The most important parameter is the friction coefficient of the different materials. Due to friction the tooth root will heat up and effect the material properties. PLA gears failed due to the low melting temperature, whereas ABS and PA gears failed on tooth root fracture.

Purpose. Evaluation of the effect of ultrasonic hardening on endurance strength, the magnitude and nature of the distribution of residual stresses in the surface layer of samples of gear wheels from steel 16Х3НВФМБ-Ш of helicopter transmission is done.Methods of research. For comparative tests on fatigue, special samples were made with a fillet in a number of 34 pieces, samples material of gear wheels is steel 16Х3НВФМБ-Ш, the technological process of making fillet samples is similar to the technological process of processing the cavities of the teeth of helicopter transmission gear wheels were used.Some samples (17 pcs.) were tested in the initial state, the rest of samples were subjected to ultrasonic hardening with balls. The tests were carried out on a ВЭДС-400 vibrostand at room temperature and resonant vibrations in the first bending form of cantilevered samples.Received results. In the work, based on the results of experimental studies, the effect of ultrasonic hardening on fatigue resistance, the magnitude and nature of the distribution of residual compressive stresses in the surface layer of samples of steel 16Х3НВФМБ-Ш were schown.Scientific novelty. Experimental studies have shown that ultrasonic hardening increases the fatigue resistance of samples from steel 16Х3НВФМБ-Ш and forms in their surface layer the residual compressive stresses in the range from -533 to -23 MPa. The endurance limit of the original samples is σ-1 = 588 MPa. The endurance limit of samples with a fillet, which surface was subjected to ultrasonic hardening with steel balls, is σ-1 = 666 MPa.Practical value. Based on the results of this experiment, it is possible to develop a rational technological process for the manufacture of gear wheels from steel 16Х3НВФМБ-Ш of helicopter transmission, ensuring their high performance.