МЕТОД ОБЪЕКТНОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРИ РАЗРАБОТКЕ ПАТЕНТОСПОСОБНЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ УЗЛОВ ТЯГОВОГО ПРИВОДА

The paper considers the reliability – one of the characteristics of technical systems in manufacturing engineering. It is determined that the reliability weakness of technical systems causes the equipment breakdown. The authors enumerate the consequences of the equipment breakdown for the technical systems in the whole and note that various protection devices are provided to prevent serious consequences of the equipment breakdown. Technical system image has hierarchical structure changing over time. It is determined that the boundary condition of modeling of protection devices for technical systems is that the subsystems, the internal parameters of which are interrelated, are the functional protection system for technical systems. At the same time, the external links are strictly limited and defined. The authors considered the varieties of registered parameters and sub-varieties for technical systems and developed the mathematical model for quantitative assessment of protection devices. The model for all protection devices included in the considered object model is formed that makes possible to assess numerically the reliability of the technical system. The authors suggested the method of assessment of technical systems reliability on the base of analysis of possible breakdowns of the equipment and protection devices that allows preventing or minimizing the consequences of these breakdowns and developed the methodology, which on the base of protection devices model allows determining their necessary quantity and types at the system preset reliability in the whole. To describe formally the systems of protection devices, the set-theoretical concepts are used. The authors introduced the functional description of regulation, blocking and protection to characterize the technical systems protection devices and developed the model of the system (higher hierarchy level) for all protection devices included in the considered model of the object.

This study is to design a system of object-oriented model (OOM) reuse. This enhance the efficiency of software reuse through expressing object model utilizing cases, retrieving object model which is reused and developing object modeling procedure. We developed object model reuse system by case-based reasoning, called case-based object model reuse system (COMOR System). This system consists of four subsystems: the graphic user interface to interact with end-user, the object-oriented model management system to build a new object model, the case base to store the past object models, and the knowledge base to store object-oriented modeling and reusing knowledge.

In the paper is highlighted the industrial objects as cars, spacecraft, telescopes, plotters, lasers, elevators, etc., which are described by the mathematical model with double astatism. These models of control objects have a double pole in the origin of the coordinate axes. In order to tune the PID controller to the model of object with double astatism, it was elaborated the tuning algorithm based on the maximum stability degree method with iterations. It was done the computer simulation of the automatic control system with the respectively model of object and PID controller and it was done the analysis of the obtained performance. The advantages of the maximum stability degree method with iterations were highlighted by the reducing calculations and time, which lead to the procedure simplification of the PID controller tuning.

There is a growing interest in adopting object technologies for the development of real-time control systems. Several commercial tools, currently available, provide object-oriented modeling and design support for real-time control systems. While these products provide many useful facilities, such as visualization tools and automatic code generation, they are all weak in addressing the central characteristic of real-time control systems design, i.e., providing support for a designer to reason about timeliness properties. We believe an approach that integrates the advancements in both object modeling and design methods and real-time scheduling theory is the key to successful use of object technology for real-time software. Surprisingly several past approaches to integrate the two either restrict the object models, or do not allow sophisticated schedulability analysis techniques. This study shows how schedulability analysis can be integrated with UML for Real-Time (UML-RT) to deal with timing properties in real time control systems. More specifically, we develop the schedulability and feasibility analysis modeling for the external messages that may suffer release jitter due to being dispatched by a tick driven scheduler in real-time control system and we also develop the scheduliablity modeling for sporadic activities, where messages arrive sporadically then execute periodically for some bounded time. This method can be used to cope with timing constraints in realistic and complex real-time control systems. Using this method, a designer can quickly evaluate the impact of various implementation decisions on schedulability. In conjunction with automatic code-generation, we believe that this will greatly streamline the design and development of real-time control systems software.

The aim of the research is to analyze the emotional state of a person using stochastic methods and to study the dynamic characteristics of this state. The study uses statistical characteristics that are suitable for creating artificial intelligent systems, as well as for further development and design of organizational and technical systems. It is assumed that the emotional state of a person is determined by the amount of stress he experiences over a certain period of time. To account for the emotional responses of the cognitive system corresponding to the reactions of the human personality, the known results are used. In particular, to characterize the relative values of stress, the Holmes and Rahe scale was used, which contains 43 typical life situations with corresponding relative values of stress. It should be emphasized that all known results relate to time-independent stress models, and only the results of statistical processing of measurements of the impact of stress on the individual at certain time intervals are published.Materials and methods of research are the application of the Poisson model of stress occurrence in the process of system functioning. It is assumed that stresses are those impacts that are then processed, perceived, processed, and used by the individual and the organizational and technical system that models it. The occurrence of stresses over time is modeled by point Poisson processes, and the stress of each type according to Holmes and Rahe is described by a process with the corresponding individual function of the intensity of the occurrence of points (stresses). Dynamic responses of the system are described by well-known response functions in the theory of control systems. The key parameter of the response function is the time constant, which characterizes the typical response time of the system to individual stress.New results of the study are estimates of the average frequency of occurrence of various types of stress, which allowed us to determine the mentioned functions of the intensity of occurrence of stress in the Poisson model. This, in turn, made it possible to develop analytical relations for the relative amount of stress processed by the system for the current time. Thus, a model of the emotional state of the cognitive system (the development of the process of experiencing stress over time) is proposed in the form of a decreasing function of time with a certain time constant that characterizes the inertial properties of experiencing stress. Specific results and corresponding curves are obtained for the exponential response function of the system, which depends on the current time, times of stress occurrence, and relative stress values. In general, they correspond to the predictions of similar reactions for the individual obtained in published studies. In this regard, the model can be applied in the engineering design of organizational and technical systems that require accounting or modeling of emotional reactions.In conclusion, the directions of further development of the theory are indicated. In particular, the possibility of studying the reaction of the system to events, the occurrence of which is described by functions of the intensity of their occurrence, depending on time, which, of course, will bring the research results closer to real situations. Another important area may be the introduction of indicators and criteria for stress tolerance of systems to the consideration and study of behavior.

Introduction. The paper presents a description of the process of constructing a mathematical model for managing risks arising from the operation of complex technical unique systems for critical purposes under conditions of uncertainty of information about the parameters and phase state. The purpose of the study is to create an individual optimal strategy for managing risk events that occur during the operation of complex technical systems, which minimizes the cost of preventive work, as well as the amount of damage that may result from the occurrence of relevant events. The objectives of the study include the construction of a mathematical model for control risks arising from the operation of complex dynamic unique technical systems for critical purposes under conditions of interval uncertainty of information about the values of parameters and the phase state, since as well as an analysis of existing approaches to creating an individual forecast of changes in the state of the considered class of systems.
 Materials and Methods. The article gives a comparative description of the effectiveness of the application of the mathematical apparatus of the theory of outliers of random processes and the method of individual forecasting in solving the problem of managing risks arising from the operation of complex unique technical systems for critical purposes under conditions of uncertainty. Based on the statistical methods of interval data, a mathematical model of risk management was created, taking into account possible errors in measuring the values of the parameters of the considered class of complex systems at all control windows during the operation period.
 Results. The scientific novelty of the implemented approach lies in the use of interval data statistics, which allow the most correct consideration of possible errors associated with measuring the values of the characteristics of the studied technical systems at all stages of the control process.
 Discussion and Conclusions. The mathematical model of risk control developed in the course of the study, arising from the operation of complex technical systems for critical purposes, makes it possible to make the optimal choice of risk management strategy when using objects of this class. Along with the above, an algorithm has been developed for predicting changes in the state of a technical system during the entire period of its operation based on the mathematical apparatus of statistics of interval data, which makes it possible to take into account in the calculations the errors that occur when measuring the values of the main parameters of the system under consideration at all stages of the control process.

The article describes the power generating and other energy facilities as complex technical systems interacting with the material, financial, informational and legal environment. To ensure functioning and development of a technical system it is important to determine its place among other technical systems: technical systems and their elements must be classified. There have been presented the principles of formal theory of technical system classification. The classification objects have been given a definition. The concepts of classification, classification attribute and meaning of the classification attribute are formalized. The goal and tasks of the classification are formulated. The stages of forming and applying classifiers include developing the composition and structure of classifier kernel, marking interpretation elements and selecting an element corresponding to the user's request. The alphabet, inference rules, axioms and main theorems of the classification formal theory are presented. It is proved that a complete consistent independent classification theory is decidable. The taxonomy of the classifier types is considered: elementary (incomplete and complete), basic (discrete hierarchical, discrete matrix, continuous band), complex (combined and limiting). Examples of using classifiers of various types in the description of energy objects are given. The algorithms, labeling and selection problems are considered. The use of a grounded and structured classification theory allows better understanding and description of the relationship between technical and related systems and l increases the efficiency of functioning and development of technical systems.

Level set methods were proposed mainly by mathematicians for constructing a model of a 3D object of arbitrary topology. However, those methods are computationally inefficient due to repeated distance transformations and increased dimensions. In the paper, we propose a new method of modeling fast objects of arbitrary topology by using a surface evolution approach based on mathematical morphology. Given sensor data covering the whole object surface, the method begins with an initial approximation of the object by evolving a closed surface into a model topologically equivalent to the real object. The refined approximation is then performed using energy minimization. The method has been applied in several experiments using range data, and the results are reported in the paper. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(9): 58–67, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1152

The Aim of this paper is to develop the methods of analysis and simulation of the processes of occurrence and development of emergencies at complex railway infrastructure facilities. It cites analysis data on the threats, causes and consequences of sudden emergencies at complex railway infrastructure facilities. For the purpose of ensuring reliable operation of technical objects, as well as timely identification of faults, it is proposed to use the indicator-based approach that allows diagnosing and formally analyzing the processes of occurrence and propagation of malfunctions across the elements of complex technical systems. For the purpose of simulating the processes of propagation of the disturbances (hazards of emergencies) that occur as the result of malfunctions, it is proposed to use the theoretic graph approach that involves model and visual representation of the structure of a technical system under consideration in the form of a directed graph that shows the correlations between its elements. Each node and edge of a graph is assigned certain parameters or functionals that reflect the processes of correlated operation of the elements of the simulated system. The propagation of disturbances within a system is simulated with pulse processes initiated in one or several nodes. The paper refers to the developed formalized models of disturbance propagation in a technical system based on the construction of structural components and correlation matrices. The authors introduce the concept of critical element of a technical system that helps identify the event of its failure. Two basic criteria of technical system failure, i.e. the exclusive (a system is considered to have failed if the disturbance has reached any of the critical elements) and absolute criterion (failure occurs if the disturbance has reached the specified subset of critical elements) are defined. The paper provides an analytical example that illustrates the capabilities of the proposed model of disturbance propagation within the structure of a technical system. For the purpose more efficient diagnostics of the hazard of emergencies in railway infrastructure facilities the paper proposes a model of application of structurally integrated indicators that consists in the integration of indicators within the structure of a technical system that would immediately deliver the required and sufficient information in case of emergency. The main task would be to identify a set of indicators with the primary purpose of reducing the information-related stress and concentration of dispatchers’ or operators’ attention on the processes within a technical system that are most relevant in terms of accident-free and safe operation. Basic criteria are identified for the generation of the set of indicators within a complex technical system: maximum of reliability of the disturbance consequences estimate, maximum of accuracy of emergency causes identification, minimum of emergency identification time, minimum of nonrecurrent and current costs. A modified graph model of disturbance propagation in a complex technical system is provided that is the prerequisite for solving the multicriterion problems of optimal location of indicators within the structure of a technical system in terms of completeness, accuracy and timeliness of detection of failures of various types. Automation of the processes of generation of indicator sets using models of disturbance propagation in technical systems will allow using the proposed methods as part of further development of the URRAN methodology in terms of improvement of the decision support in railway infrastructure facilities management.

In this paper we discuss electromagnetic compatibility problems that arise in "Smart city" with electronic infrastructure. There the technical means and system are using in a hard electromagnetic environment in industrial, residential and public areas, as well as in transport. A special load falls on telecommunication networks, which provide both traditional communication and the management of various IoT devices, technical systems and ets. Radio emissions increase significantly. It was emphasized that the continuous and full functioning of technical means in the electromagnetic environment of "Smart city" and the elimination of unacceptable electromagnetic interference created by technical means are mandatory conditions for the implementation of "Smart city" concept, so the safety problem consideration is required. We overview the possible problems overview in the concept of a "Smart city" related to equipment and systems electromagnetic safety. Particular attention is paid to technical means and systems related to safety, for example, used in transport and also telecommunication networks. It was emphasized that the continuous and full quality functioning of technical means in "Smart city" electromagnetic environment and the elimination of unacceptable electromagnetic interference created by technical means are mandatory conditions for the implementation of "Smart city" concept, and should take into account all aspects associated with a specific electromagnetic environment with a high density of electronic equipment, requirements for telecommunications networks quality communication

The article considers the importance of a technical system among other technical systems in order to ensure its functioning and development, to classify objects, subjects, processes of the technical and related systems. Previously, the author presented the basics of the formal classification theory. This article describes the basic classifiers and operations with them. Three types of basic classifications are identified: discrete hierarchical, discrete matrix and continuous band classifications. For them the concept, structure, dimension, basic operations (addition, multiplication, equality) are defined. In the hierarchy, the classification attributes can be sorted by subordination, when the classification attributes of the lower levels of the hierarchy detail the features of higher levels. The dimension of the hierarchical classification is the number of levels of classification features. Matrix classifications (including vector and super-matrix) are used when the classification attributes are equal and their values are discrete. Band classifications are similar in structure to matrix classifications, but the value of the classification attribute is the interval of numbers, for which the lower and upper boundaries are determined. The dimension of the matrix and band classifications is equal to the number of non-subordinate classification attributes. For all classifications, multiplication is equivalent to the introduction of new classification attributes, addition is the introduction of new values of already existing classification attributes. A unified approach to various types of classifications makes it possible to plan the structure of classifications of specific technical systems, taking into account the properties of characteristic parameters

Modern production is complex, integrated and is constantly being adapted to the market requirements by means of the reconfiguration of equipment structure and process alteration. The development of such production is performed based on evolutionary strategy by successively engaging (eliminating) stand-alone technological systems. Evolutionary developed technical systems and facilities presently make up a considerable share of technical systems. It is typical both for high-tech industries, namely: aviation, space exploration, military equipment, machine-building (Sujeet, 2005), and for applications based on large-scale interconnected production complexes (e.g. oiland gas-producing industry, oil and gas transportation, city economy engineering etc) (Gilard, 1999; Van Brussel et al., 1999; Jo, 1999; Ambartsumyan, Prangishvili, Poletykin, 2003; Ambartsumyan, Kazansky, 2008; Ambartsumyan, Potehin, 2003; Ambartsumyan, Branishtov, 2006). Evolutionary developed technical systems and facilities are featured by complex control system availability. The latter integrates into a single whole different, as to the purposes, automatic control loops (automatic control and regulation of physical process parameters, automatic shielding and blocking, logical configuration control) as well as the functions of supervisory control mainly aimed at coordination of different processes in a technical system. Supervisory control (SC) is intrinsically logical and is to provide the required operational sequence and exclude mutual blocking and deadlocks for stand-alone components (operating according to their internal rules time scale). SC is discrete and asynchronous by its nature and most commonly reveals itself as the change of flow as required by certain application (technical system functionality). It is important to consider two event aspects: first, everything happens as the result of a certain event; second, the change of states is regulated by events – there is no physical time though the system is dynamic. Though control systems are widely spread in the technical systems of such kind (Sujeet, 2005; Gilard, 1999; Van Brussel et al., 1999; Jo, 1999; Ambartsumyan, Prangishvili, Poletykin, 2003; Ambartsumyan, Kazansky, 2008; Ambartsumyan, Potehin, 2003; Ambartsumyan, Branishtov, 2006), presently there is no appropriate theoretical base to solve such supervisory control tasks as local control loops coordination, configuration of material flows structure and interaction with operations staff. Most spread concept of practical engineering of such systems is based on the model of interacting ′′black boxes′′: a ′′black box–control object′′ and symmetrically connected with it as to inputs and outputs a ′′black box–control system (device)′′. (Fig. 1). Source: Process Management, Book edited by: Maria Pomffyova, ISBN 978-953-307-085-8, pp. 338, April 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM

Networking information-centric system of systems is a network-centric, information-driven, system-supported complex giant system, which is the form of combat system under information warfare. The networking information-centric system involves multi-level and multi-type technical systems such as communication networks, combat applications and information services, and the technical systems are closely coupled with each other. In order to do a good job of designing the networking information-centric system, it is necessary to effectively verify each technical system, and through effective verification, iteratively optimize the design to enhance the capability of the networking information-centric system. This paper summarizes and analyzes the connotation of networking information-centric system and technical system, and describes the general framework of networking information-centric system technical system verification, including verification process, verification technology and optimization decision technology.

A comparison of the object model underpinning open systems interconnection (OSI) network management standards with that being developed for object-oriented software development systems indicates a close alignment between the models. But the OSI object-model goes further: it supports notions of asynchronously occurring events, concurrency, and optionality of implementation. These features are not found in the OMG object-model, but neither are they precluded. Consequently, the way is paved for network-management product suppliers to use OMG-conformant software-development systems. >

This article proposes a SLAM algorithm referred to as RGBD-Sphere SLAM. The key innovation of this work is the prototypical system that demonstrates how formal models of 3D geometric shape and appearance can be transformed into generative classification models that detect and recognize these shapes. Object models are specified as shape programs in PSML; a custom-built procedural language for 3D object modeling. Classifiers for each PSML shape are created by simulating how instances of each shape manifest in real-world sensor data, e.g., color images and range images. The proposed RGBD-Sphere SLAM algorithm demonstrates a prototypical example of the system. Here, the PSML program specifies spherical 3D objects having diffuse surface albedos and distinct color appearances. A recognizer uses PSML models of each object's geometry and appearance to detect instances of these objects within streaming RGBD sensor data. The detected model parameters are then integrated into an RGBD SLAM algorithm; hence the name RGBD-Sphere SLAM. This article describes the PSML programs, the spherical detection and recognition algorithms used, and describes the impact this approach has for improving the performance of RGBD SLAM approaches by incorporating detected objects as landmarks. This is the first example of a prototypical system that externalizes the geometric and appearance modeling to a programming language from which a recognizer is created, and marks an important step towards enabling users to “program” their problem space and allow computers to transform the formal object models, as expressed in PSML, into customized classifiers suited for specific sensor suites, e.g., color imagery and depth imagery.