Вторая война за независимость США, или война мистера Мэдисона

(1988). Mahan, Sea Power, and the War for American Independence. The International History Review: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 59-67.

International Bibliography of Historical Sciences. Edited by the International Committee. The Gospel in the Early Church. By James Mackinnon. The Making of Europe: an Introduction to the History of European Unity. By Christopher Dawson. Byzantine Civilisation. By Steven Runciman. France and Germany: The History of One Thousand Years. By Johannes Haller. La France et L'Allemagne depuis dix Siècles. Par Gastin Zeller. Borough and Town: a Study of Urban Origins in England. By Carl, Stephenson. Verfassungsgeschichte Londons, 1066–1288. 1929. vi + 143 pp. R.M. 5.80. London unter Eduard I and II. Band I, Untersuchungen; Band IT, Texte. 1933. 251 and 293 pp. R.M. 21 (sewn), 24 (bound), for the two vols. By Martin Weinbaum. Scottish Abbeys and Social Life. By G. G. Coulton. The Cambridge Medieval History. Edited by J. R. Tanner, C. W. Previte‐Orton and Z. N. Brooke. The influence of the Commons on early legislation: a study of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. By H. L. Gray. The Register of Richard Fox, Lord Bishop of Durham, 1494–1501. Edited by Marjorie Peers Howden. The Second Hundred Years' War. (Berkshire Studies in World History.) By A. H. Buffinton. A History of Europe: Vols. ii and in, 1494–1815. By Andrew Browning and D. B. Horn. Le Commerce Francais à Seville et Cadix au Temps des Habsbourg. 1932. 604 pp. 50 fr. La Ilivalité Commerciale et Maritime entre Seville et Cadix jus qu'à la Fin du XVIIIe Siècle. 1932. 119 pp. 18 fr. Par Albert Girard. Sir Francis Drake. Par Léon Lemonnier. Les relations Anglo‐Hollandaises au debut du XVIlla siècle, d'apres la correspondance d'Alexandre Stanhope, 1700–1706. By Gabryelle van den Hautte. Hudson's Bay Company. By R. R. Pinkerton. The Founding of Churchill, being the journal of Captain James Knight, Governor‐in‐chief in Hudson Bay from July 14 to September 13, 1717. Edited by J. F. KENNEY. England and America. By C. H. Van Tyne. The War of Independence: American Phase. By C. H. Van Tyne. The American War of Independence. By Lieutenant‐Colonel F. E. Whitton. David Hartley, M.P., an Advocate of Conciliation, 1774–1783. By G. H. Guttridge. British Opinion and the American Revolution. By Dora Mae Clark. 1930. A Hundred Years of Catholic Emancipation, 1829–1929. By Denis Gwynn. Catholic Emancipation, 1829 to 1929. Essays by various writers, with an introduction by Cardinal Bourne. The History of the Anglo‐Catholic Revival, from 1845. By W. J. Sparrow Simpson. The Novel and the Oxford Movement. By Joseph Ellis Baker. Franklin Pierce. By R. F. Nichols. The Mission to Spain of Pierre Soulé, 1853–1855. A study in the Cuban diplomacy of the United States. By Amos A. Ettinger. Histoire du Peuple Anglais au XIXe Siècle.‐Epilogue (1895–1914). Tome II, Vers la dèmocratic sociale et vers la guerre (1905–1914). Par Elie Halevy.

This definitive encyclopedia, originally published in 1983 and now available as an ebook for the first time, covers the American Revolution, comes in two volumes and contains 865 entries on the war for American independence. Included are essays (ranging from 250 to 25,000 words) on major and minor battles, and biographies of military men, partisan leaders, loyalist figures and war heroes, as well as strong coverage of political and diplomatic themes. The contributors present their summaries within the context of late 20th Century historiography about the American Revolution. Every entry has been written by a subject specialist, and is accompanied by a bibliography to aid further research. Extensively illustrated with maps, the volumes also contain a chronology of events, glossary and substantial index.

The Illicit Trade & Conflict Connection: Insights from U.S. History

Congress a den of self-serving scoundrels but heaped praise on George Washington, the American Cincinnatus. The general personified the dilemma that faced many Britons during the conflict: he was a quintessential English-American gentleman, despite being the enemy. He represented much of what the British Atlantic community thought admirable while commanding an army in a cause that many Britons believed would ruin the empire. He had fought for king and country in the Seven Years' War and had even served with a number of the British officers who commanded the king's troops during the War of Independence. He was not from New England and so was not tarred with the radicalism most Britons associated with the region and blamed for the outbreak of hostilities.1 Nor was he a professional soldier. Instead, Washington was a successful member of Virginia's planting elite, thus having much in common with the country gentlemen who

Prior to the nineteenth century the more lucrative public offices under the direct control of the Crown as part of the civil list were given as sinecures to favoured individuals. The use of these sinecures, pensions and other valuable appointments provided the Crown with the means by which it could buy influence and, thereby, undermine the constitutional authority and independence of parliament. In the main, civilian officers of the Crown were not accountable to parliament. Financial accountability for spending on the civil list was sporadic, without sufficient enforcement mechanisms and, therefore, a threat to the liberty of all “Englishmen". The financial and political strains that the American War of Independence placed upon England, combined with the abuse of patronage privileges by the Crown, provoked a movement for economical reform, most often associated with Edmund Burke, which sought the reform of both the civil list and executive accounts as protections for liberty. Crucial to convincing the government of the urgency of reform were reports from the Commissioners for Examining the Public Accounts.

Journal Article Revolution Downeast: The War for American Independence in Maine. By James S. Leamon. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press and Maine Historical Society, 1993. xviii, 302 pp. $29.95, ISBN 0-87023-823-X.) Get access Charles E. Clark Charles E. Clark University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 81, Issue 2, September 1994, Page 660, https://doi.org/10.2307/2081221 Published: 01 September 1994

Reviewed by: In My Power: Letter Writing and Communications in Early America Adrian Chastain Weimer Dierks, Konstantin . 2009. In My Power: Letter Writing and Communications in Early America. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4153-2. Pp. xviii + 356. $45. Networks of communication forged by middle-class letter-writing habits proved a distinct advantage to patriots in the War for American Independence. More broadly, modes of letter-writing contributed an "ideology of agency" in eighteenth-century America. In this important book at the intersection of ideologies of modernity, material culture, and middle class practice, Konstantin Dierks argues that when men, women, and eventually children achieved prowess with the writing of a letter, they gained access to social networks which could help them achieve a more secure, comfortable life. Further, properly manufactured and composed letters became central to a new business culture that prized routinization, procedure, and reliability. Examining not just the content of letters but their visual and material culture, letter-writing manuals, the use of letters in newspapers, postal history, and the cultural, economic, and military work being done by correspondence, Dierks offers a significant re-evaluation of what it meant to be middle-class in the eighteenth century. [End Page 94] When the bourgeoisie wrote letters, which they did with frequency after 1750, they were most interested in self-improvement and self-articulation. Astutely identifying the common phrase "In my power", Dierks argues that men and (some) women wrote in order to express both their agency and their limitations: for an individual letter writer, what was "in my power" and not "in my power". Above all, letter writing involved a commitment to investment in skills and materials, self-discipline, the internalization of social norms for efficiency and courtesy, a duty to keep up relationships, and politeness (or, later, sentimentalism). Aware when they were stretching the conventions in manuals, correspondents strove to tighten familial and economic bonds and to define their position in the world. This "myopic" and self-serving epistolary culture, however, omitted consideration of "dispossession and slavery" in what amounted to the "severing of agency from ethics" central to middle class modernity (182, 114, 8). Whereas in the seventeenth century letters served to affirm the authority of social elites, by the late-eighteenth century letter-writing was perceived as a "universal" medium of communication. This very assumption of "universality", however, elided inequalities in access to education, technologies, and supplies. The abilities, affinities, and networks achieved by letter-writers ultimately led to an "epistolary divide" between middle-class whites and those lower on the social strata. Though briefly noting the participation of enslaved blacks and native Americans in documentary cultures through, for example, the forgery of travel passes, Dierks finds non-whites notably, and culpably, absent from middle class epistolary worlds. While Dierks's main argument is based on this omission of social ethics in epistolary culture, his most fruitful field of positive evidence centers on the history of the post. A fascinating story emerges of the "intrepid experimentation and unfortunate struggle" of men such as Andrew Hamilton and Edward Dummer, who, a half century before Benjamin Franklin, pioneered the colonial postal service (51). Staffed mostly by middle-class men (with the notable exception of the remarkable Baltimore Postmistress Mary Katherine Goddard) the postal service grew into a monumental communications infrastructure. First controlled locally, when it became lucrative the post was subsumed into the British imperial system. Then a full year before independence was declared, the colonial post rebelled. Ousting British postmasters from their positions, sometimes by force, the Parliamentary Post Office became the Constitutional Post Office. Speed of communications became supremely important in maneuvering troops and supplies during the war, with British commanders at a disadvantage when [End Page 95] they had to send letters by boat. A political ideology of freedom of communication existed uneasily with ubiquitous surveillance of the mail for military intelligence or signs of treason. Dierks makes a compelling case for the crucial role played by letters in military strategy and family survival during wartime. Assuming that theology gives way to bureaucracy in English culture, Dierks spends little time on religion and or epistolary networks among religious groups. One wonders, for...

The Newfoundland Fishery: A French Objective in the War of American Independence

This work is the most authoritative and wide-ranging encyclopedia on the American Revolution ever created for a student audience. Based on the latest information,American Revolutionary War: A Student Encyclopediais designed specifically to engage its student audience while addressing all core topics in the standard curriculum. Ranging from the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 to the ratification of the Constitution in 1789, it provides essential information for understanding the drive to independence, the day-to-day course of the war, and the nation that emerged from it. With over 1,200 entries and essays and a separate documents volume,American Revolutionary Warcovers every battle and campaign, every political debate and diplomatic encounter. It also introduces students to the broad spectrum of American culture at the time (day-to-day life, art, music) as well as the personal lives of all those caught up in the war. The standards-satisfying content, inviting design, wealth of illustrations and maps, and special resource section for young researchers, will contribute to better homework, special projects, and test preparation for years to come.

: This paper examines the strategic leadership competencies of British General William Howe during the American Revolution (1775-1778). During the American War of Independence, General Howe displayed periodic tactical brilliance and operational competence but consistent strategic ineptitude. After arriving in America, Howe was quickly thrust into the position of Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and General of North America. Howe's lack of self awareness, ineptness in managing the personalities of his subordinate commanders, personal biases, and lack of political savvy resulted in the strategic failure of the British war effort. Howe's difficulty in transitioning from tactical, through operational to the strategic level provides a useful example as to the dramatically different challenges faced by current leaders as they prepare for and address similar challenges in our contemporary operational and strategic environment.

Prince Hall was enslaved in Massachusetts and trained as an artisanal leatherworker. He was apparently granted a great deal of physical and mental freedom by his enslaver, as he managed to join a Congregational Church and start his own Freemasons Lodge. When the fighting started in the American War of Independence, Hall became a prominent voice in the cause of freeing all those enslaved in the colony. Hall was also an early advocate of the “back to Africa” movement, wanting to return to a continent he had probably never been to. As such, he wanted to fight for the cause of American independence, expecting it to lead to African American independence too. The colonists’ war to secure what they saw as their natural rights raised the obvious question of the natural rights of enslaved people in the British colonies too, and Hall was inspired by the rhetoric found in the Declaration of Independence to ask the Massachusetts Legislature to grant the freedom of all those enslaved in the colony.

This chapter details the development of military medicine during the American Revolutionary War. It describes the austere beginnings of the Army Hospital Department and the organizational framework of military medical facilities, including regimental physicians and medical care in general military hospitals. The chapter outlines key medical advancements from the war, including the development of a new battlefield triage system, preventive health measures for military installations, and a force-wide system for smallpox variolation. With respect to smallpox variolation, the chapter describes the process of inoculation and provides firsthand accounts of the ethical, clinical, and operational challenges of instituting a force-wide smallpox variolation program. This includes ethical debate surrounding forced inoculation and whether the practice violates the medical autonomy of soldiers or constitutes an affront to God’s will.

Poland and the American Revolutionary War. By Miecislaus Haiman. (Chicago: The Polish Roman Catholic Union of America, 1932. xvi + 208 pp. Appendices.) A. C. Flick A. C. Flick The University of the State of New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 19, Issue 4, March 1933, Page 583, https://doi.org/10.2307/1897815 Published: 01 March 1933

Desertion from active military service has always been a contentious action, especially in times of war. Deserters in the eighteenth century were routinely castigated as poor patriots or traitorous subjects. Recently, scholars have begun to analyse in greater depth how and why desertions occurred, and have demonstrated that political considerations were less important than issues of identity and interest. However, in the context of the American Revolutionary War, historians have focused on the relationship between deserters and the military, arguing that soldiers who left their posts were less integrated into the camp community. This article suggests that the act of desertion was often more than a protest against conditions or discipline, but instead was shaped by a deserter's connections with civil society rather than the military community.