Манипулятивный потенциал грамматических средств в англоязычном судебном дискурсе

Effigy examines the images of a capital defendant portrayed, by the defense attorneys and the prosecutor, during the guilt and penalty phases of capital trial, the trial tactics used to impart these images, and the consequences that result from the jury's attempt to reconcile contradictory images to place one in permanent record as a verdict. These images are starkly contrasted against the backdrop of a brutal murder in which the stereotypes of American fear are realized: Donta Page, the defendant, is an African-American male from a low-income segment of society while Peyton Tuthill, the victim, was a Caucasian female from a middle-income suburb. The prosecuting attorneys depict the defendant as a "savage beast," juxtaposing their image against that of a "troubled youth" as Page is portrayed by the defense attorneys. Slowly and methodically developed as figures with diametrically opposed features, none of which overlap or congeal, both the images are portrayed as real (buttressed by the testimony of witnesses) rather than constructed. The jury is expected to render a verdict that accepts one and rejects the other: there is no middle ground.

Racial bias in legal decision making has been given considerable attention over the past few decades, focusing mainly on African Americans to the exclusion of other minority groups. The purpose of this study was to address the dearth of research examining bias against Mexican American defendants. Two hundred forty-seven participants read through a trial transcript that varied defendant race/ethnicity (Mexican American or European American), defense attorney race/ethnicity (Mexican American or European American), and defendant socioeconomic status (SES; low or high [upper middle class]). Dependent measures included verdict, sentencing, culpability ratings, and trait assessments. Bias against Mexican American defendants occurred most when the Mexican American defendant was of low SES and represented by a Mexican American defense attorney. In addition, attorneys representing low-SES Mexican American defendants were perceived as less competent and rated lower on a number of trait measures. Limitations, applications, and future directions are discussed.

The purpose of the article is to improve the methodology of appointment, organization and conduct of a complex forensic engineering-ecological and miningtechnical expertise of illegal exploitation and extraction of subsoil in order to increase their role and importance in criminal proceedings. To solve the tasksduring the research general scientific and special methods were used in complex, in particular: methods of induction (at the step of collecting, systematizing and processing information for research) and deduction (in the process of theoretical understanding of the problem), system-analytical, comparative analysis, method of analysis of definitions. The main primary actions of the investigator in the investigation of illegal exploitation and extraction of subsoil are considered in the work: seizure and inspectionof documents at the enterprise on their list; investigating the scene; interviews with witnesses of the event; the appointment of a complex forensic engineering-ecological and miningtechnicalexpertise. Formulated: the questions of the investigator during the examination of witnesses, workers, officials of the enterprise, inspectors of controlling bodies, suspected of illegal exploitation and extraction of subsoil. The questions of the investigator for the resolving of complex forensic engineering-ecological and mining-technical expertise are developed. The example of forensic expertise of crimes for the protection and mining is provided. Scientific and practical novelty of the work consists in solving the scientific and appliedproblemof improving the methodology of an appointment, organization and conducting of a complex forensic engineering-ecological and mining-technical expertise of illegal exploitation and extraction of subsoil, the definition of scientific and methodological approaches to improving methods of an appointment, organization and conductingof a complex forensic engineering-ecological and mining-technical expertise, which will improve the quality of expert research, establisha coherent system of expert research, strengthen its role in the detection and investigation of crimes. The challenges facing the investigation / court in the investigation of crimes related to the illegal exploitation and extraction of subsoil make it advisable to address a wide range of topical issues on a scientific basis, taking into account the requirements of exploitation and mining regulations. It is necessary to improve the methodology of appointment, organization and conducting of a complex forensic engineering-ecological and mining-technical expertise of illegal exploitation and extraction of subsoil based on the praxeological approach.

У статті розглядається відображення лексем «tourist / турист» в англійській та українській мовних картинах світу. Під картиною світу розуміється спосіб концептуалізації світу, бачення позамовного світу певними етносами й закріплення його вербальними засобами певних мов. Дослідження проводиться на матеріалі туристичних термінів, які виконують комунікативну функцію в професійному середовищі й обслуговують людей, які користуються послугами цієї сфери. Етимологічний аналіз досліджуваних лексем засвідчив їхнє походження зі старофранцузької мови. Зазначається, що в англійській мові запозичення з’явилося набагато раніше, ніж в українській мові. Порівняльний аналіз показує, що англійська одиниця “tourism” є полісемантичною; словники української мови фіксують однозначність лексеми «турист». Обидва слова є складовими словосполучень. Виокремлено сім структурних моделей словосполучень в англійській мові, найчастотнішою серед яких є структура N + N. Серед багатокомпонентних структур переважає модель N + N + N. Оскільки лексема «турист» не вживається в функції означення в українській мові, словосполучень із досліджуваним словом набагато менше. Зафіксовано єдину структурну модель: прикметник + іменник. Акцентується увага на тому, що в українській мові широким є використання похідних від лексеми «турист». В обох мовах зафіксовано складні слова – афіксальні деривати. Зміст лексем «tourist / турист» доповнено синонімами. Підкреслюється, що переважна більшість синонімів англійської мови є ідеографічними. Для української мови характерним є більш широке використання стилістичних синонімів. В обох мовах помітний пласт лексики становлять професійні жаргонізми. З’ясовано, що деякі лексичні одиниці були запозичені з англійської мови в українську, що свідчить про інтенсивність культурно-історичних контактів народів. Виявлено, що лексеми «tourist / турист» мають як спільні для обох мов характеристики, так і марковану специфіку відображення в англійській та українській лінгвокультурах.

The article has compared the specifics of neologisms in English and Ukrainian languages. The aim of our study was to establish a comparative relationship between the specifics of neologisms in both languages in the modern Web Media. It has been found out that innovative vocabulary appears during important periods of time (such as Pandemic 2019 and Military Actions in Ukraine 2022). During our theoretical research, analytical review, generalization and concretization have been used as the main methods. Thus, although the problems of neologisms and innovative vocabulary are not one-sided, the analysis of their identification criteria, which exists in modern linguistics, allowed us to determine the main features, based on which the research and classification of neologisms will become easier and clearer, and it will also help to reveal the potential of neologisms more widely. In our opinion, such an indicator as a criterion of time from 5 to 20 years should be attributed to them, it is the period of time that can be defined as a certain period of development of the studied language. The next characteristic of neologisms is the presence of a certain or partial uncharacteristic or atypicality of language norms. Also, it should be noted that one of the features of neologisms usage is the fact that they are used by the majority of native speakers while preserving the connotation of novelty. Taking into account all of the above, we come to the conclusion that neologisms relate to a certain class of words. Neologisms are words or stable phrases that are new in content or form. They retain their connotation of novelty and relevance for a limited period of time. Neologisms have formed semantic, pragmatic and stylistic features and sometimes they can be recorded in the lexicographic literature. Having investigated the issue of neologisms classification, we came to the conclusion that there is no single classification and usually these language units are classified according to different features. Such features include the following: type of linguistic unit, type of denotation, method of formation, conditions of the method of formation, target purpose. Regarding the method of formation, neologisms are divided into borrowings, morphological, phonological and syntactic. In Ukrainian language, the suffix method of creating neologisms is the most frequent, and in English language they are contamination, truncation and conversion.

The article is devoted to the participation of witnesses in the investigation of crimes committed by minors and the formulation of the leading tasks to be solved through the realization of the possibilities of the institution of witness testimony. In the practice of investigating crimes committed by minors, certain difficulties arise in assessing testimony from the point of view of completeness and objectivity. Attention to considering the possibilities of enhancing the credibility of witness testimony is based on a particular role for this activity in crime prevention. The purpose of the article is to consider the types of witnesses involved in the investigation of crimes committed by minors through the prism of their role in fulfilling the educational and preventive function. Research methods: dialectical, comparative, logical, analysis and synthesis to test the hypothesis regarding the special role of witness testimony in the investigation of juvenile crimes. The result of the study include the determination of the possibility of obtaining criminalistically relevant information through witness examination. The article reviews the issues of implementation of the educational role of interrogation in the process of detection and investigation of crimes.

Objective: The objective of this article is to build up the concept field of media texts’ headings referring to COVID-19 in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is based both on the principles of frequency of use of tokens and nominal word combinations, which reflect the development of events related to the pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headings which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methods: The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has given an opportunity to define the way and language means of presentation of the mentioned concept and its concept field. It also has made it possible to demonstrate the language means, which show the journalists’ intentions to present information to the audience, and has allowed to describe the interconnection between language interpretation character and variants of texts axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, particularly the analysis of left and right combination of words in the text, has identified subjective and objective relationships in the concept’s presentation, and the measure of saturation of the concept field with metaphoric and metonymic models, which are based on axiological principles. Component analysis has disclosed the peculiarities of structure of meaning of separate semantic variants of words. Results: In the result of studying 467 headings of articles in mass media the concept field COVID-19 was built. It was fulfilled on the base of presentation of a medical term as a concept. Definition of axiological variability of headings as the basis of seleection of lexical and grammatical means, and presentation of core concept in its subjective and objective relationships inside the sentence/ utterance were done. Conclusions: The language means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and varied functions. The commonness is in informing the population about development of events and the difference is in the ways of transferring the evaluative component of information. The grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headings with negative and partially positive content.

Objective : to study issues related to the lawyer and client interaction regarding building a legal position on the case and the plea process. Methods : the article uses the universal dialectical method of cognition, as well as general (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specific scientific research methods (formal-legal method). Results : As the United States has shifted to “a system of pleas,” the role of defense attorneys has swung from trial litigator to plea negotiator. The study results indicated that defense attorneys spend a significant amount of time meeting with clients. Attorneys also cited substantial deficits in criminal defendants’ knowledge of the legal system, as well as many misconceptions regarding legal procedures. The respondents provided a diversity of responses regarding the most important advice they offer their clients with many mentioning facts related to the case resolution process, the direct and collateral consequences associated with a criminal conviction, the role of the defense attorney, and the importance of the right to silence. Further, over half of the attorneys surveyed indicated a general hesitance and 15.0% – an outright refusal to provide an explicit plea recommendation to their clients. Scientific novelty : The plea process is complex, and defense attorneys play a critical role in this process. The current work highlights how that role has potentially evolved – moving from adviser to educator and evaluator. More qualitative data collection like this is needed to illuminate how attorneys influence defendants’ decision-making rather than just whether they do and by how much. This type of research on “expanded criminal defense lawyering” often goes above and beyond typical outcomes, and instead focuses more on the process, such as plea negotiations and effective attorney-client communication, and often incorporates the defendants’ perspectives. Such studies will inform future avenues for research and how best to operationalize attorney-client communication. The research substantiates the need to reduce the burden on defense attorneys by making it easier for them to ensure that their clients are meeting the knowing and intelligent requirements for plea decisions. Practical significance : the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to building a legal position on the case and the plea process.

This article analyzes testimony about forced prostitution voiced in New York City's Court of General Sessions from 1908 to 1915. During these years, the problem of coercive prostitution—commonly called “white slavery”—received an unprecedented amount of attention from journalists, politicians, and antivice activists. Drawing from verbatim transcripts of compulsory-prostitution trials, our research examines the relationship between cultural narratives and courtroom storytelling. We show how the white slavery narrative in popular culture oriented prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, and jurors in prostitution trials. Extending the account of social control in the sociological literature on antivice activism, our analysis shows that the prosecution of forced prostitution was not simply a top-down exercise of juridical power. Using insights from conversation analysis and cultural history, an examination of compulsory-prostitution cases reveals a quadripartite storytelling process where judges and jurors—with different orientations to the white slavery narrative—played a constitutive role in how the defense and prosecution argued their cases.

The main content of this study is the analysis of stable expressions in Russian and English. The article reveals the content of the concept of "phraseology", it examines the classification of phraseological units in modern linguistics, describes the problems that can be encountered when translating phraseological units from one language to another. Special attention is paid to the difference of phraseological variants in the context of interlanguage study, as well as the relationship between language and culture, national understanding of mentality, the essence of language, the need for scientific study of the communicative function of society in cognitive and discursive aspects. The purpose of the study is to analyze phraseological phrases in Russian and English, to identify their stylistic and grammatical features. The structural and semantic characteristics of phraseological units of the Russian and English languages and the principles of their classification are considered. Special attention is paid to the regularities of the functioning of phraseological units in the system of modern linguistics. It is argued that the conclusions obtained as a result of this study are important for intercultural understanding and communication, as well as for effective learning of foreign languages. The author proves the urgent need to improve the stylistic literacy of teachers and students, translators, lexicographers, and also emphasizes the importance of phraseological research in the context of demonstrating the relationship between language and society.

Typological analyses (Talmy, Towards a cognitive semantics, MIT Press, 2000) show that languages vary a great deal in how they package and distribute spatial information by lexical and grammatical means. Recent developmental research suggests that children's language acquisition is constrained by such typological properties from an early age on, but the relative role of such constraints in language and cognitive development is still much debated (Bowerman, Containment, support, and beyond: Constructing typological spatial categories in first language acquisition, Benjamins, 2007; Bowerman and Choi, Space under construction: language-specific categorization in first language acquisition, MIT Press, 2003; Slobin, From 'thought to language' to 'thinking for speaking', Cambridge University Press, 1996, Slobin, Language and thought online: cognitive consequences of linguistic relativity, MIT Press, 2003a, Slobin, The many ways to search for a frog, Erlbaum, 2003b, Slobin, What makes manner of motion salient? Explorations in linguistic typology, discourse, and cognition, Benjamins, 2006). In the context of this debate, we compare the expression of motion in two data bases of child English vs. French: 1) experimentally induced productions about caused motion (adults and children of three to ten years); 2) spontaneous productions about varied types of motion events during earlier phases of acquisition (18 months to three years). The results of both studies show that the density of information about motion increases with age in both languages, particularly after the age of five years. However, they also show striking cross-linguistic differences. At all ages the semantic density of utterances about motion is higher in English than in French. English speakers systematically use compact structures to express multiple types of information (typically manner and cause in main verbs, path in other devices). French speakers rely more on verbs and/or distribute information in more varied ways across parts of speech. The discussion highlights the joint impact of cognitive and typological factors on language acquisition, and raises questions to be addressed in further research concerning the relation between language and cognition during development.

The article aims to analyse the existing definitions and to make a review of the previous study of the concept FREEDOM in modern linguistics. The authors offer an algorithm to identify conceptual understanding of freedom in the English and Russian languages. The data of ideographic, explanatory, bilingual dictionaries of the English and Russian languages have served as the research material. A comparative analysis of the semantics of the nuclear lexemes of the concept under study has revealed similarities and differences in the explication of the notional component of this concept in the English and Russian languages.

In the 21st century many changes in science and technology are taking place so also in common sense, education and approaches towards human life. The English language has been indispensable to modern education system for Indian people. The language came to India with the British and has intermixed with the local, social, cultural, economic, political, legal, aspects of people. The emancipation of the people especially from down trodden and marginalized communities who have been victimized through language for many years. So now, they have started thing seriously about a language in which they can live and survive, they can read and write, express themselves without any restrictions. They have adopted and mastered to the English language when they came to know that English language and knowledge can emancipate them from any kind of bondage and evil knowledge. They have understood that it is not only the most powerful language of the world but also can give them the space they needed for thousands and thousands of years. Now, the poor, the middle classes, the marginalized and neglected people of India have understood the meaning of English language for their study, research, expression and knowing the truth that were untold to them. With the knowledge of English language, they are now able to get good education, good jobs, reputation, social prestige, and making their life better. The modern development in the field of science and technology, information and communication and the freedom to reaching out to the unreached have made them to learn English language for their own survival and development.

The problem of loanword is one of the traditional ones in linguistic science. In the process of loanword, Polonisms were subject to adaptation at all levels of the language system. Phonetic adaptation of Polonisms involves their adaptation to the norms and laws of phonetics of the Russian language. Becoming the property of the Russian language, Polonisms acquire a Russian graphic appearance. Polonisms have undergone such semantic adaptation as narrowing, expanding and changing meanings. With grammatical adaptation, Polonisms adapt to the rules of Russian grammar and take on the grammatical meaning and grammatical features of the Russian language. As for stylistic adaptation, changes in emotional and expressive coloring and the functional consolidation of words, they are also determined by a number of extralinguistic factors: the status of the source language, established relations in the history of peoples, the perception of cultural values and their hierarchy in the system of others. The work uses a descriptive method in interpreting the material with the involvement of lexicographic sources of different genres.

In order to reduce errors and misunderstandings while overseas scholars reading Idu language in Yeonhaengrok, this paper attempts to find out and tag Idu language in Sim Yang IL Gi By Wi Jeong-cheol(1583-1657), by using MARKUS, a Fundamental Semi- automatic Markup Platform developed by Professor Hilde De Weerdt of Leiden University and Professor Hou Ieong HO. The Idu language in Yeonhaengrok mainly appears in the Jangge Document that reported to the king of Joseon. There are three Yeonhaengrok with the largest proportion of Idu language, like Wi Jeong-cheol(魏廷喆)'s Sim Yang IL Gi, Sim Yang Jang Ge, Sim Ｇwan Ｒok. And three Yeonhaengrok with Jangge Document inserted or appended as an appendix, like Sim Yang Jil Gwan Dong Haing Rok(1637), Yeon Haeng Il Gi(1849), and Hong Jong-Yeong(洪鍾永)'s Yeon Haeng Rok(1890). This paper focuses on the Wi Jeong-cheol(魏廷喆)'s Sim Yang IL Gi, try to summarize the reading and meaning of Idu language in this book, and makes a list of Idu language's grammatical meanings and translations. After pasting Sim Yang IL Gi into Markus, Chinese personal names, place names, years, and official titles will be automatically tagged. Then we need to typing the Keywords, it's mean Idu language that will be tagged, after that Idu language with the same meaning will be tagged with the same color and the Chinese translation will appear next to them. Even overseas scholars don't know the Idu language well, they can use Marukus to read the Yeonhaengrok without any difficulty. I hope this paper will be helpful to build a Idu language tagging and translation system in the future.