想像的和實際的：誰認同“亞洲”？―關於晚清至民初日本與中國的“亞洲主義”言說

穆時英一九三三年的小說〈被當作消遣品的男子〉，用了許多科學術語。醫學和心理學辭彙，例如「女性嫌惡症」、「解剖」、「神經衰弱」、「消化不良」、「病菌」等等，充斥全篇。這些辭彙轉借自日文翻譯西方科學的術語，作者輕佻地運用這些辭彙，嘲弄敘事者爲追求摩登女郎而神魂顛倒，展現出新感覺派作品的一貫作風。這些轉借字不僅促成中國現代文學辭彙的蛻變，也轉化了我們的日常語言－例如日常會話、報紙、教科書等等－制約了我們了解自己和他人身體與心理的模式。 本文將追溯心理學如何進入日本與中國，並以幾個關鍵辭彙的翻譯爲例，說明我們是透過翻譯，而學習如何爲五官感受和心理疾病命名。如眾所皆知，晚清以來盛行「東亞病夫」的說法。二、三○年代的作家是在告訴我們：如今使國人深受其苦的是「心的疾病」。結論將進一步說明，連今天我們對彼此示愛的「我愛你」一詞，也是現代的發明，受到基督教翻譯《聖經》和日文轉借字的影響。 在理論上，本文探討翻譯過程中，知識／權力與譯者的能動性、創造性的關係：在文化翻譯的過程中，面對各種「體制實踐」的交會－如儒學、佛學、傳統醫學與西學的交會－譯者如何「取捨折衷」（井上哲次郎語），透過「個人自由抉擇」來跨越體制實踐的界限，進而創新。本文指出，「心的疾病」的旅行過程，讓我們理解到，國家、語言的界限，無從阻礙概念、語彙的全球性流動；此過程中，文化翻譯者的能動性是跨文化現代性的推手；跨文化的場域是他們施展創造性轉化的空間。

The North East Asia, geographically belongs to the sub-system in the East Asia, has once created the ”East Asian Community” which consists of China and its surrounding countries, as referred to ”Chinese World Empire” in this article. It popularized the Confucius thinking in term of culture, Suzerain-vassal System in politics, and Tribute Trade System in economy. In short, it was a China-center traditional regional integration in East Asia and also a life community with common culture value. Passed downward through the modern history, Japan, under this common culture value, promoted actively the ”Asianism” as well as the ”Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”, which was once popular in the North East Asia but abandoned in WWⅡ. Meanwhile, the existing Chinese ”Universalism” and ”Chinese World Empire” in the East Asia were suppressed by Western influence to East and were succeeded by Japan afterward. The ”Chinese World Empire” was contained by the U.S. in the postwar period and encountered the crisis of the civil war. For the hundred years, it was merely self-protected. Therefore, the theory and practice of traditional eastern ”East Asian Community” were all collapsed. After WWⅡ, following by the defeat of Japan, Japanese style ”Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere” was buried in the ash. The defeated Japan, learned the lesson and protected by the U.S. military, revived its economy and became the economic great power, and a technology great power because of reinvestment in RD it might be less attractive comparing to the Chinese-blood relations and interests of abundant resources and huge market. The ”Allying U.S. to restrain China” of Japan could be defeated by the ”Alienating Japan to engage China” of Korea. But for the purpose of national survival, the rivalry status between state and state is the last choice. The regional political and economical integration, such as ”East Asia Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”, is not only the temporal phenomenon, rather the vision for co-existence and prosperity among the nations in the future. To lead by ”Japan as No. 1” or ”Peaceful rising China” in the regional integration towards ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”, it will be defined by the result of duel between China and Japan for hegemony. Whoever winning the leadership in the East Asia would share with U.S. of its world leadership, arrange the international order, break the status quo, and reach the 2050 new era described by Goldman Sachs. The voice for ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community” has already been spoken loudly. The East Asian nations are also on the way to organize the ”Community”. Those nations are not bounded to the idea of boundary and have to learn to abandon ”Exclusive Sovereignty”. With gradual concession to the coming ”Asian” era and the agreement of peace, equality, consensus, they will push the regional integration in East Asia and build a life community of fellow feeling ”State of East Asia”. Let the power struggle among nations limit to the leadership of ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”. That is the imminent issue for the intellectuals to work on with all effort.

The Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Vienna was established on January l, 2000 by merging the Institutes of Sinology and Japanese Studies. Initially comprising the pillars Sinology, Japanese, and Korean Studies, the fourth pillar, the Chair of East Asian Economy and Society (EcoS), was established in 2007. The first Head of Department was Erich Pilz (2000-2001), followed by Sepp Linhart (2001-2012), both leading researchers on Japanese history, society, and culture. The current head is Rudiger Frank (since 2012), specialized in East Asian politics and economics, in ge- neral and North Korea, in particular. In addition to six professors, the Department of East Asian Studies currently has a staff of about 50 permanent and temporary researchers and lecturers (Institut fur Ostasienwissenschaften der Universitat Wien, 2001-2013).In addition to language courses, the disciplines Sinology, Japanology, and Koreanol- ogy offer strong social and cultural science studies. EcoS focuses on current political, security, and economic relations in East Asia and the respective national political and economic systems. The Department of East Asian Studies applies a broad area defini- tion of East Asia by incorporating North-East and South-East Asia. In this context, South-East Asia, in particular the role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in promoting East Asian regionalism, has always figured prominently in the respective EcoS courses. Yet, in order to demonstrate the growing international rel- evance of this region, it has been a strategic aim of Rudiger Frank to institutionalize South-East Asian Studies at the EcoS Department to complement its range. In Octo- ber 2013, the position of a university assistant at the postdoc level was created. Two university assistants (praedoc) and one study assistant, concentrating on North-East Asia, complete the EcoS team. Overall, the teaching and research program at EcoS reflect the interconnectedness of North-East and South-East Asia. For instance, two key areas of research are state socialist systems (notably China, North Korea, and Vietnam) and climate change, the environment, and energy.Since October 2008, EcoS offers a four-semester Master of Arts (MA) as well as a PhD course on East Asian Economy and Society. Since an adaption of the curriculum in 2011, the MA is offered exclusively in English, and South-East Asia features explic- itly as an area of research in addition to the North-East Asian countries China, Japan, and the two Koreas. The Master course promotes the inter- and transdisciplinary comparative analysis of international relations and of domestic politics and econom- ics in the region in the twentieth and twenty-first century. In their Master thesis, students have to compare specific topics in at least two countries, either in North- or South-East Asia. The program provides students with a broad range of possibilities to specialize in topics of their choice. In addition, students have to acquire basic lan- guage skills in an East Asian language, particularly in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. An admission requirement is a Bachelor or an equivalent college or university degree; eligible majors are, for instance, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese Studies, (Internation- al) Business Studies, or Political Science. The five core modules are Contemporary East Asian Language, East Asian Economy, East Asian Politics, East Asian Society and Research, and Master's Colloquium.Due to the popularity of the program in other European but also East Asian coun- tries, student numbers have far exceeded the initial planning for 25 students per study year (217 Master students in the summer term 2013). Due to the shortage in staff, room, and teaching resources, the rectorate decided to introduce admission re- quirements, starting with winter term 2013/2014. Since then, students have to apply for admission to EcoS; inter alia, they have to submit a demanding letter of motiva- tion, detailing their research interests and goals after graduation. …

The birth of musicology as a theoretical discipline coincided with the professionalization of international academic bodies, most famously in natural and social sciences, but also in the humanities. While presenting an important example of transnational exchange, such trend in academic research was directly affected by intergovernmental relations. The intersections between the beginnings of musicology as a theoretical discipline and diplomatic relations will be the object of this round table. The birth of musicology was closely related also to the formation of modern nation states in an age of increased global exchanges, with important implications for the internationalization of the musical repertoire and the music industry. World fairs and exhibitions, and international political-commercial initiatives shaped these experiences. Musicologists felt compelled to compare and put order into a previously unknown multitude of musical practices. Without overlooking the power dynamics underlying processes of canon-building, traditionally expressed with the North-South dichotomy, this round table will contemplate an extended approach to comparativism. We will introduce an East-West dialectic, conceived both as a geographical framing – including Europe, Musicology, Diplomacy, and International Networks at the Turn of the 20th Century Discourses, Practices, Events Prof. Axel Korner, Chair Prof. Bonnie C. Wade, Respondent Dr. Ferran Escriva-Llorca Dr. Maria Caceres-Pinuel Dr. Vincenzina C. Ottomano Dr. Christiane Sibille Prof. Dr. Cristina Urchueguia, Team Leader MA Alberto Napoli, Coordinator 3 Asia, America – and a “longitudinal” exchange among different but equally empowered agents, who evaded fixed hierarchies and learned or profited from one another, continuously questioning the concept of a dominating “center.” Reflecting the complexity of the subject, our panel will include varied topics and disciplinary perspectives. Considering that the transnational flow of music theory and practice serving power relations has been studied in scholarship from Europe outward, in the first presentation Wade will address the adoption of Western theory and practice as a technology for modern nation-building by the Japanese government in late 19th century. Ottomano will explore the impact of the early dissemination of Russian music in Paris, focusing on the very close relationship between music, culture and political interests in the diplomatic exchanges between France and Russia after the Alliance franco-russe (1894). Focusing on international organizations dealing with musical questions in the early 20th century, Sibille will analyze their publications and conferences showing the experts’ efforts to gain political relevance, especially by the standardization of their methodological tools. Escriva-Llorca will then retrace the turn-of-the-century establishment of music divisions in several important European and American institutional libraries, analyzing the diplomatic and philanthropic actions of specific patrons and curators which constituted their pre-Baroque holdings. Urchueguia will present a case of direct interaction between politics and musicology, discussing the influence of the Spanish regent Maria Cristina in the preparation of Spanish contributions to the 1892 International Music and Theater Exhibition in Vienna. Caceres-Pinuel will then assess the role of Guido Adler in the organization of the same event, and its influence on subsequent discourses about music, particularly those referring to ‘national idioms.’ Finally, analyzing musical events at international exhibitions in fin-de-siecle Italy, Napoli will illustrate that consequent musicological writings reflected negotiations between nationalist narratives and local cosmopolitan aspirations. Korner will lead the following discussion, as a transnational historian particularly interested in the exchange of knowledge and the role of culture in international relations.

This essay aims to reconceptualize the monetary regime of late Qing and modern China as a multilayer system of currencies and examine the features and logics of its operation from the 16th century to early 20th century. We argue that this system consists of a variety of silver and copper currencies, each occupying a particular layer in the structure and each satisfying a specific market demand. Analyzing the production and circulation of copper and silver currencies, we first trace their evolution from the Qing to the Republican era and demonstrate the multi-layer currency structure persisted in China across the modernizing changes that took place at the end of the 19th century. Second, using data drawn from gazetteers, this essay adopts a quantitative approach to empirically examine the mechanism and speed of interactions between the different layers of the monetary market and reveal the operational mechanism of the multi-layer system. We suggest that this multi-layer system, while bringing some efficiency loss, also constituted an effective institutional arrangement that helped to ensure the stability of the Chinese economy in tumultuous times.

Global coexistence with the rise of China is the most pressing strategic challenge of the current era. Failure by both China and the United States, the two great powers in East Asia, to manage China’s rise has the potential to destabilize not only East Asia but also global politics. This is especially the case because East Asian politics affects the vital interests of China and the United States and because East Asia is the world’s most dynamic and important economic region. US and Chinese inability to manage China’s rise and their bilateral strategic relationship also has the potential to lead to heightened regional instability, including trade wars, arms races, crises, and great-power war.

The use of poetry in diplomacy between East Asian countries (at least between Korea, Japan, Okinawa, and Vietnam) during the Ming and Qing dynasties has been well documented by past scholars. However, some issues have yet to be clarified: (1) Can diplomatic poetry he said to have any special characteristics in terms of aesthetic form, mood, and content? (2) Is there any degree of interaction between diplomatic poetry and contemporary views on poetics? (3) Since diplomatic poetry concerns experience with foreign countries, does it to any degree reflect perspectives of foreign exoticism and the mutual observation of self/other? (4) Since diplomatic poetry is a byproduct of communication between political systems, it should, to a certain extent, reflect characteristics such as forms of government, political values, and worldview, and this is where diplomatic poetry differs from other types of work. Focusing on the late-Ming envoy Zhu Zhifan朱之蕃, and also other envoys such as Zhang Ning張寧 and Qi Shun祁順, this paper outlines the possible implications of the writings of modern East Asian envoy culture, in order to investigate the interaction and spread of Ming-Qing poetics between the countries of East Asia. At the same time, on this basis, we reflect on the possibility of rewriting literary history.

“Amorous histories” represent an unofficial historical tradition that once served as a legitimate mechanism for narrating same-sex desire in Chinese culture. This tradition not only celebrated love (qing) but also explored obsession (pi) within the Chinese context. This article reexamines the erotic arts, including notes and erotic fictions, that constituted the narrative mechanism of amorous histories to rethink the intricate stance of both praise and critique towards male love during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The analysis reveals how these texts repeatedly employed a narrative tactic of combining enticement and moral suasion to represent male love. While legitimizing male love, these representations were simultaneously regulated by the moral norms of official histories. However, during the late Qing and early Republican era, the tradition of amorous histories began to wane and eventually gave way to the emergence of pathological narratives under the guise of “sexual histories” in modern China. Within the discourse of sexual histories, the tradition of praising qing and pi was substituted by Western-influenced “the science of sexuality,” which pathologized same-sex desire. This article traces the changes in the meaning of “pi,” which underwent a phase of non-pathologized development in Ming and Qing dynasties, before being pathologized by May 4th literati. Finally, this article analyses the impact of the replacement of amorous histories with pathologized sexual histories on the debates over homosexuality between Hu Qiuyuan and Yang Youtian in modern China. It shows how changes in historical narratives influenced early twentieth century perceptions of same-sex desire.

This paper deals with iconoclast antitradionalism in the era of the ”New Culture movement”, exemplified by a sceptical approach towards China's ancient history, particularly concerning spurious ancient texts and ”fabricated” historical myths. This scepticism was expressed in a debate on ancient history which, begun in 1923 in a Shanghai newspaper and continued throughout the 1930s, was published in the 7-vols. Gushibian (1926-1941). Over 100 scholars participated in the debate, among them some of the leading intellectuals of the ”New Culture movement” and May Fourth era. Doubtlessly, the iconoclast spirit of Gu Jiegang and his fellow ”antiquity doubters” owed momentum to the general antitraditionalist mood of the late Qing and early Republican reform movements which, in their turn, had been enhanced by the influx of foreign ideas. But Westerncentric sinology sometimes over-emphasized the role ”Western impact” had played in the search of ”Young China” for a new cultural self-assessment, while it tended to neglect indigenous sources of inspiration. At the same time, many Western China scholars mistook Chinese self-criticism of the period for an objective description of reality, overlooking the fact that Chinese scholars, ever since high antiquity up to the New Culture era, had engaged in polemic dispute Iunzhan論戰, while it is in the nature of polemics (both East and West) to exaggerate. This paper tries to show to what extent indigenous Chinese scholarly traditions as well as individual motives were viable, in the early decades of the 20th century, in forming a decidedly modern scientific approach towards China's historical inheritance.

“Intersemiotic translation” is categorized by Roman Jakobson as one of three types of translation. Translation of illustrations in the late Qing novels, either directly from verbal signs or visual signs, can also be regarded as a typical kind of “intersemiotic translation.” The present article studies illustrations in Chinese Christian literature in the late Qing period, especially those in the Chinese translations of John Bunyan’s works, The Pilgrim’s Progress and The Holy War . Questions to ponder are how inter-semiotic translation occurs between these illustrations—in either transferring or transplanting the meanings from one sign system to another—and how it establishes its legitimacy through religious negotiation, ideological conflict, and cultural integration. The illustrations in the Chinese translation versions of The Pilgrim’s Progress manifest the translators’ and illustrators’ manipulation of repertoires of Chinese religious signs, thereby indigenizing a foreign religion. These illustrations, nevertheless, are not only associated with Christianity, but also with the long-lasting visual signs of Chinese culture. Hence these translated illustrations could be considered as a type of “Translated Christianity.”

The binary of martial and civil virtues (wen-wu) is one of the oldest and most pervasive concepts in East Asian thought. This paper examines the transmission of Chinese wen-wu thought to Japan, and its subsequent independent development in that country. Whereas in China and Korea, primacy has traditionally been given to civil virtues over martial ones, the unique warrior-centered social and governmental structure that developed in Japan led its thinkers to more strongly emphasize the martial. As a result, at least in the context of wen-wu, many Japanese were willing to accept, rather than invert, the China/barbarian binary that marked continental interpretations. In comparison, many Japanese Confucians and related schools of thought had otherwise tended to revise ideas imported from China in ways that removed them from their source and relocated the moral center to Japan. The identification of Japan as the ”martial country” and China/Korea as the ”civil countries” came to be broadly accepted by intellectuals in all three societies. At the same time, the exact nature of Japanese ”martiality” varied greatly among different thinkers, often to the extent that definitions of the concept could be polar opposites. This paper argues that it was this vagueness and flexibility of the wen-wu binary that ensured its continued prominence as the concepts were adapted to new situations, and further led to movements by Chinese and Korean thinkers to introduce Japanese martiality into their own nations around the turn of the twentieth century. In this process, Japanese bun-bu (wen-wu) theories were variously packaged with the teachings of Wang Yangming and the modern martial ethic of bushido (the way of the warrior), and this paper considers the roles of the reformers Liang Qichao and Pak Un-sik in the dissemination of bun-bu thought in China and Korea, respectively.

Introduction to<i>Visual Arts Research</i>Special Issue, Body Cam: The Visual Regimes of Policing

Imperialism loomed over the entire East Asia in the first half of the 20th century, with Japan being the major colonial empire in Asia Pacific. Soaking up all networks of its colonies, Imperial Japan established its predominant status and imposed stringent regulations on interflow among its colonies in the region, with Taiwan and Korea being no exception. In other words, strict colonial rule of the Japanese had severed mutual interaction and free flow of population between Taiwan and Korea. The seemingly active interchange of people within the Japanese empire was mainly ”the flow of administrators under colonial bureaucracy”. There was no direct transportation route between Taiwan and Korea. Apart from the few openings for overseas studies or industrial colonization offered by the imperial empire, there was no interflow of people among the colonies. Hence, one could hardly find Taiwanese in Colonial Korea or Koreans in Colonial Taiwan; and this situation persisted till the end of Japanese colonial rule.Nevertheless, beginning from the 1930s, a small number of Taiwanese were found pursuing medical studies at the Keijo Medical College, Heijo Medical College, Daikyu Medical College and Keijo Imperial University in Colonial Korea. Though these Taiwanese medical students were few, never more than a hundred, they were indeed rare and exceptional cases in the medical education system under the Japanese Colonial Government of Korea. These Taiwanese medical students were also the only group who had first-hand experience of life in Colonial Korea in that era.This research aims to explore why and how these Taiwanese chose to pursue medical studies in Colonial Korea. Depicting their life and experience in this foreign land also shed light on the encounter of Taiwanese in another East Asian colony during that time. In addition, by examining how these Taiwanese medical students got involved with Korea in the postwar era, we can catch a glimpse of how imperialism and colonialism penetrated and assumed control over and beyond the colonial era.

The transmission of Chinese books to Japan played an important role in the formation of book culture in the Edo period of Japan. Much research has been done by Oba Osamu (1927-2002) on this subject. But relevant topic on the late nineteenth century is still little has been known, especially on how a specific book has been circulated between China and Japan. This article traces Dushi guanjian (My Humble Opinions on ＂Records of the Grand Historian＂), which was written by a talented lady Li Wanfang (1692-1767) in eighteenth-century Guangdong and was reprinted (Kabusebori) by Ikeuchi Tosho (1814-1863) in 1856, Osaka. The author takes this case study as an example to investigate book as a medium in the history of Sino-Japanese culture encounter in the nineteenth century. Through this study, the author found that the study of cultural exchange and that of history of books should be merged together tightly so that they will not only be considered a matter of trading. Last, we may reconsider if it is possible to build up a special field for doing research on the history of books in East Asia.

The 21 century has often been touted as the Asian Century. However, for exactly half a century, the China’s surrounding has often registered at the list of the world's military hot spots. China’s diplomatic policy often makes troubles in the region from unresolved conflicts, intense nationalism, and competing strategic interests. However, many international and internal reasons change China’s diplomatic policy gradually from the dernier period to the end of the Cold War. In the last few years, China has fundamentally altered the negative image of international society. Yet it is not clear whether these changes have made the region (Asia) a hotter flash point or a cooler one. The theory of the social constructivist would be the important predict and analysis of this situation. After the end of the cold war, the good-neighbor policy carried out by the PRC successfully changes the image of the PRC from an unstable factor to a benign development country, at least in the economic, political and military fields in Eastern Asia. In other words, the attempt of the PRC to maintain regional peace and stability meets the need of its neighboring countries. Today, the rising in the posture of the China has given many watchers reasons for optimism by conventional standards, the China threat in aggregate terms is less than it was during the Cold War. Communist leaders have reduced the China’s conventional invasion capabilities. However, the power of China becomes much stronger than before. Of course, some researchers consider that the China might not be certainly peaceful. In the future, China would make the tension on the situation of the countries in Asia. No matter what situation of China’s rising will be, undoubtedly, the situation affects Taiwan’s national status and interests deeply. All in all, recent rising of the status of China have impact the common framework of the traditional national powers in Asia. Thus, with China’s steady development, in what ways China uses to keep the future peace in her surrounding for her further development is the major theme of this research. Thus, I try to research the series of conflicts and engagements through the social constructivist perspective, the true nature of recent developments in China would become clear. Moreover, through analyzing the issue by social constructivism, I also try to develop an interactive model of countries in Eastern Asia research, and the thesis discuss these and related issues. To what degree of China, as a rising power, is affected by the existing regional political and economic order? What will be the probable impact of China’s growing power on regional security and stability? How does the extent of China’s good neighbor diplomacy reconstruct China’s image in the Asia-Pacific region? How does the factors of United States affect to China’s Good-Neighbor diplomacy from the past to the future? At last, we will support our government with a policy reference for keeping the national interests and international status of Taiwan in the future.