從「搜奇獵異」到「休明之化」―由朱之蕃看晚明中韓使節文化書寫的世界圖像

This paper firstly analyzes the triangular relations among the PRC, ASEAN, and Taiwan and the different strategic interests of each side, the deep concern in Southeast Asia of China would be more political and diplomatic; for the ASEAN's perspective, it would be more comprehensive; for Taiwan's perspective, it would be more economic. Obviously, it's not smart for each side to pursue or build a hard-line alliance against any big power in East Asia. Secondly, this paper presents some evidences in multilateral, bilateral and unilateral level to clarify the Triangular Relations on Sino-ASEAN, ASEAN-Taiwan and Cross-Straits relations. Thirdly, The paper explain the influence the New Bandwagoning Scenario in East Asia. Especially the Taiwan Ma Ying-jeou's government has tried to improve the better relations with China since May 2008, that means cross-straits relations may probably help to slove the obstacles between Taiwan and ASEAN member states. Taiwan will assume an ”attitude of practical participation” in striving for its goal of being included in regional economic integration. Which is a global trend and that major economies, including China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and India, Taiwan wants to enter into FTAs with ASEAN to create a stronger and larger economic entity and boost their mutual economic and trade relations.” Taiwan expects that under the ASEAN charter and by means of a practical model, it can begin dialogue and cooperation with the organization and proceed to meaningful participation in ”ASEAN + N” regional dialogue and negotiations.

The export of Japanese television programs overseas started in the 1970s and the rapid
\ngrowth of Japanese television programs globally especially in Asia started in the early 1980s.
\nHowever, in the 21st century, the glory of Japanese dramas seems to have faded and replaced by the
\n“Korean wave”. Perhaps the younger generation nowadays has not heard of “J-Pop” and here is an
\nexamination of the past consumption of the Japanese television culture outside of Japan, especially
\nAsia.

Online teaching English as a foreign language to learners from East Asia has become very popular nowadays. It is a result of the intensive socio-economic development of this region's countries, such as Japan, China, South Korea, and Taiwan, which demands new roles of individuals for successful functioning in the current world. Due to following contemporary social changes, reaching the global market and adjusting the educational system to the modern concepts, English has become their obligatory school subject. The need for better language competence implies learning and improving this global language since the early age in East Asia, not only within formal education, but within the informal one as well. The lack of qualified teachers of English language and the use of inadequate teaching approaches and methods in the standard classroom resulted in the need for additional lessons, which numerous online language platforms from this region offer. For this reason, the interest in attending these lessons increased, as well as the interest in teaching English language online. The focus of this research is to introduce the main reasons for online teaching English as a foreign language to learners from East Asia and its advantages, in order to identify general causes of this job's current popularity. It is realized through the achievement of the following aims: 1) the most frequent reasons because of which the individuals decide to teach on platforms for learning English language, which are popular among East Asian learners nowadays, are provided, and 2) the advantages of such teaching environment are examined from the teachers' point of view. This is a cross-sectional study for the purpose of which a survey of 151 respondents worldwide was conducted by means of a self-perception questionnaire. Collected data were analysed by means of SPSS 22.0 program for statistical data analysis. The results indicate that: 1) some of the most frequent respondents' reasons for online teaching English language to learners from East Asia are: flexible work schedule, working at home, getting a job easily, meeting new people and cultures, while 2) from the teachers' point of view, the most common advantages of working in such environment are: feeling comfortable while teaching, flexible work schedule, satisfactory income, contact with foreign countries and cultures and less stressful environment for teaching English language. Taking into account these results, as well as the socio-economic requirements of the process of globalization in East Asia, it may be concluded that the educational concept of Hong Kong "Learning for Life, Learning Through Life" could be the policy of many Asian countries, whose aim is to enable learners to use the English language outside the classroom and learn it in a more flexible and comprehensible way. As long as the focus of teaching is not so much on form, as it is on the language functions (Pan, 2015), there will be the need for additional improvement of the English language in the countries of East Asia. Since the interest for teaching the English language within online platforms is continuing, and there are no considerable difficulties for being employed and adjusting to such work environment, it can be concluded that the future perspective of this job position is definitely guaranteed.

Este artículo tiene como finalidad caracterizar –desde una aproximación comparativa– el perfil sociológico de la diplomacia portuguesa durante el Antiguo Régimen. A partir de una base de datos prosopográfica centrada en los doscientos treinta y siete individuos que dirigieron las misiones diplomáticas de la Corona portuguesa entre 1640 y 1834, son caracterizados los criterios (sociales e institucionales) de selección de estos servidores reales, así como sus trayectorias anteriores y posteriores en el servicio diplomático. El conjunto de datos analizados muestra que, a semejanza de lo que sucedía en otros ámbitos de la administración regia, la aristocracia también desempeñaba un papel importante en el campo diplomático. Además, la información recogida revela un dato algo sorprendente: la inexistencia de vías hegemónicas de acceso a la diplomacia –se podía llegar sirviendo en cualquiera de los campos de la administración (ejército, magistratura, burocracia, iglesia)–, detectándose, incluso, muchos embajadores sin ningún servicio anterior en una institución central. Esta situación de relativa indefinición del reclutamiento distingue, sin duda, a la diplomacia de las demás instituciones de la Corona, señalando un carácter marcadamente político de una parte significativa del personal diplomático. Por último, la información analizada demuestra, igualmente, que el servicio diplomático representó la antecámara de varias carreras en la alta política, en especial en el siglo XVIII –de sus filas saldrían la mayor parte de los secretarios de estado–.

將「亞洲」作為歷史、文化、知識有聯繫性的空間，並且從這一空間出發重新思考歷史、現實和未來，這無可非議。但是，這種關於「亞洲」的思想，歷史很長，在日本的明治時代即中國的晚清時代就有了的。本文追溯日本明治時代的「亞洲主義」言說及其發展，也追溯晚清至民初中國知識階層對「亞洲主義」的反應，指出雙方有相當大的差別，立場、心情和思路相當不同，而造成這種不同的背景，當然與雙方當時的處境有關，特別與各自的民族主義，以及各自的近代性追求有關。無論日本還是中國，十九世紀末二十世紀初的「民族主義」都表現為對於國家整體的近代性追求，即通過追求富弦來凸顯民族存在，而追求富強又只能是近代化和西方化，於是，民族立場和普遍價值就常常混雜在一起。因此，對於同一個「亞洲」，那個時代的中國和日本在認知上有相當大的差距。近年來，有的學者重新提出「亞洲價值」或「亞洲共同體」的意義，但是，我們還是需要追問，第一「亞洲」，是哪一個「亞洲」，是東亞，還是整個亞洲？第二，「亞洲」作為地理學的一個空間，如何可以成為一個文化認同空間？第三，日本所認同的「亞洲」，是否就是中國和韓國也都認同的一個政治或文化共同體？第四，「亞洲」究竟是一個需要建構的共同體，還是一個已經被認同了的共同體？換句話說，它是已然的歷史，還是希望的現實？

During the last two decades, economic studies on happiness have grown rapidly in particular, studies on the effect of income on happiness. Ng (Pac Econ Rev 7(1):51–63, 2002) has highlighted the East-Asian happiness gap. The East Asian countries, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Singapore, are performing well economically, however, performing poorly in happiness. Societal values have been suggested to be the potential explanation of this happiness gap. Nevertheless, the effects of societal values on happiness are yet to be explored fully. This paper aims to estimate the effect of income on happiness and examine the moderating effect of societal values in the context of the East-Asian happiness gap using the World Values Survey (WVS) data. The WVS (waves 6, 2010–2014) consists of nationally representative sample of 14,447 respondents from the various East and South Asian countries. It provides measurements of societal values, subjective well-being and other socio-demographic variables including income. We found that the effect of income on happiness is the lowest (and insignificant) in Thailand and Philippines; and the highest (and strongly significant) in South Korea and Taiwan. The effect of income becomes insignificant once it is moderated by the societal values. Societal values matter to explain the East-Asian happiness gap and might refute the relevance of Easterlin paradox.

In an earlier paper, I argued that “effective singlehood” in East Asia had run ahead of the West – if cohabitation was equated with marriage. In the decade since then, some interesting changes have taken place. In Europe, singlehood on the whole appears to have increased, even when those currently cohabiting are removed from the “single” category, but the trend is less clear when those who have ever cohabited are removed from the category. Though cohabitation has increased in Spain and Italy, these countries still have much higher proportions effectively single than do Scandinavia or Western Europe. Effective singlehood is increasing more sharply in some of the countries of East Asia than in Europe, tending to further widen the gap between the higher levels of effective singlehood in East Asian countries than those in Europe. The chapter goes on to examine the meanings of cohabitation across Europe, the limited evidence about trends in cohabitation in East Asia, and whether rising prevalence of singlehood by choice in East Asia and some European countries is evidence of the second demographic transition. The similarity in some aspects of family patterns between Southern European and East Asian countries are analysed in relation to high levels of effective singlehood in these countries. In an earlier paper, I argued that “effective singlehood” in East Asia had run ahead of the West – if cohabitation was equated with marriage. In the decade since then, some interesting changes have taken place. In Europe, singlehood on the whole appears to have increased, even when those currently cohabiting are removed from the “single” category, but the trend is less clear when those who have ever cohabited are removed from the category. Though cohabitation has increased in Spain and Italy, these countries still have much higher proportions effectively single than do Scandinavia or Western Europe. Effective singlehood is increasing more sharply in some of the countries of East Asia than in Europe, tending to further widen the gap between the higher levels of effective singlehood in East Asian countries than those in Europe. The chapter goes on to examine the meanings of cohabitation across Europe, the limited evidence about trends in cohabitation in East Asia, and whether rising prevalence of singlehood by choice in East Asia and some European countries is evidence of the second demographic transition. The similarity in some aspects of family patterns between Southern European and East Asian countries are analysed in relation to high levels of effective singlehood in these countries.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. However, current evidence regarding the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of community intervention and health promotion programs for NCDs, specifically hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, in East and Southeast Asia has not yet been systematically reviewed. We systematically reviewed the literature from East and Southeast Asian countries to answer 2 clinical questions: (1) do health promotion programs for hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia reduce cardiovascular events and mortality; and (2) are these programs cost-effective?Methods and Results: Electronic literature searches were performed across Medline, Cochrane Library, and Ichushi using key words and relevant subject headings related to randomized controlled trials, comparative studies, quasi-experimental studies, or propensity score matching that met eligibility criteria that were defined for each question. In all, 3,389 records were identified, of which 12 full-text articles were reviewed. Three papers were from Japan, 7 were from China/Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and 2 were from South Korea. None were from Southeast Asia. Four papers examined the effect of community intervention or health promotion on the incidence of cardiovascular events or mortality. Eight studies examined the cost-effectiveness of interventions.Conclusions: The literature review revealed that community intervention and health promotion programs for the control of NCDs are a cost-effective means of reducing cardiovascular events and mortality in East Asian countries.

The North East Asia, geographically belongs to the sub-system in the East Asia, has once created the ”East Asian Community” which consists of China and its surrounding countries, as referred to ”Chinese World Empire” in this article. It popularized the Confucius thinking in term of culture, Suzerain-vassal System in politics, and Tribute Trade System in economy. In short, it was a China-center traditional regional integration in East Asia and also a life community with common culture value. Passed downward through the modern history, Japan, under this common culture value, promoted actively the ”Asianism” as well as the ”Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”, which was once popular in the North East Asia but abandoned in WWⅡ. Meanwhile, the existing Chinese ”Universalism” and ”Chinese World Empire” in the East Asia were suppressed by Western influence to East and were succeeded by Japan afterward. The ”Chinese World Empire” was contained by the U.S. in the postwar period and encountered the crisis of the civil war. For the hundred years, it was merely self-protected. Therefore, the theory and practice of traditional eastern ”East Asian Community” were all collapsed. After WWⅡ, following by the defeat of Japan, Japanese style ”Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere” was buried in the ash. The defeated Japan, learned the lesson and protected by the U.S. military, revived its economy and became the economic great power, and a technology great power because of reinvestment in RD it might be less attractive comparing to the Chinese-blood relations and interests of abundant resources and huge market. The ”Allying U.S. to restrain China” of Japan could be defeated by the ”Alienating Japan to engage China” of Korea. But for the purpose of national survival, the rivalry status between state and state is the last choice. The regional political and economical integration, such as ”East Asia Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”, is not only the temporal phenomenon, rather the vision for co-existence and prosperity among the nations in the future. To lead by ”Japan as No. 1” or ”Peaceful rising China” in the regional integration towards ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”, it will be defined by the result of duel between China and Japan for hegemony. Whoever winning the leadership in the East Asia would share with U.S. of its world leadership, arrange the international order, break the status quo, and reach the 2050 new era described by Goldman Sachs. The voice for ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community” has already been spoken loudly. The East Asian nations are also on the way to organize the ”Community”. Those nations are not bounded to the idea of boundary and have to learn to abandon ”Exclusive Sovereignty”. With gradual concession to the coming ”Asian” era and the agreement of peace, equality, consensus, they will push the regional integration in East Asia and build a life community of fellow feeling ”State of East Asia”. Let the power struggle among nations limit to the leadership of ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”. That is the imminent issue for the intellectuals to work on with all effort.

This article examines the Siamese inter-state relations since the mid-nineteenth century by placing them within the wider regional contexts of ”East Asia.” After the conclusion of the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with the British in 1855 and the gradual colonization of mainland Southeast Asia toward the 1880s, it is generally understood that Siamese diplomatic relations with its neighboring countries were replaced with relations with the colonial powers. However, Thai archival records suggest that there existed continuous negotiations between Siam and other Asian countries, particularly China, and that such relations still constituted an important part of Siamese diplomacy after 1855. By examining a few cases that indicate the importance of the continuing relationship with Asia even in the late nineteenth century, this article proposes a need to look at modern Siamese diplomatic history from a broader regional and longer historical perspective by taking the Asian context into consideration.

The Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Vienna was established on January l, 2000 by merging the Institutes of Sinology and Japanese Studies. Initially comprising the pillars Sinology, Japanese, and Korean Studies, the fourth pillar, the Chair of East Asian Economy and Society (EcoS), was established in 2007. The first Head of Department was Erich Pilz (2000-2001), followed by Sepp Linhart (2001-2012), both leading researchers on Japanese history, society, and culture. The current head is Rudiger Frank (since 2012), specialized in East Asian politics and economics, in ge- neral and North Korea, in particular. In addition to six professors, the Department of East Asian Studies currently has a staff of about 50 permanent and temporary researchers and lecturers (Institut fur Ostasienwissenschaften der Universitat Wien, 2001-2013).In addition to language courses, the disciplines Sinology, Japanology, and Koreanol- ogy offer strong social and cultural science studies. EcoS focuses on current political, security, and economic relations in East Asia and the respective national political and economic systems. The Department of East Asian Studies applies a broad area defini- tion of East Asia by incorporating North-East and South-East Asia. In this context, South-East Asia, in particular the role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in promoting East Asian regionalism, has always figured prominently in the respective EcoS courses. Yet, in order to demonstrate the growing international rel- evance of this region, it has been a strategic aim of Rudiger Frank to institutionalize South-East Asian Studies at the EcoS Department to complement its range. In Octo- ber 2013, the position of a university assistant at the postdoc level was created. Two university assistants (praedoc) and one study assistant, concentrating on North-East Asia, complete the EcoS team. Overall, the teaching and research program at EcoS reflect the interconnectedness of North-East and South-East Asia. For instance, two key areas of research are state socialist systems (notably China, North Korea, and Vietnam) and climate change, the environment, and energy.Since October 2008, EcoS offers a four-semester Master of Arts (MA) as well as a PhD course on East Asian Economy and Society. Since an adaption of the curriculum in 2011, the MA is offered exclusively in English, and South-East Asia features explic- itly as an area of research in addition to the North-East Asian countries China, Japan, and the two Koreas. The Master course promotes the inter- and transdisciplinary comparative analysis of international relations and of domestic politics and econom- ics in the region in the twentieth and twenty-first century. In their Master thesis, students have to compare specific topics in at least two countries, either in North- or South-East Asia. The program provides students with a broad range of possibilities to specialize in topics of their choice. In addition, students have to acquire basic lan- guage skills in an East Asian language, particularly in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. An admission requirement is a Bachelor or an equivalent college or university degree; eligible majors are, for instance, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese Studies, (Internation- al) Business Studies, or Political Science. The five core modules are Contemporary East Asian Language, East Asian Economy, East Asian Politics, East Asian Society and Research, and Master's Colloquium.Due to the popularity of the program in other European but also East Asian coun- tries, student numbers have far exceeded the initial planning for 25 students per study year (217 Master students in the summer term 2013). Due to the shortage in staff, room, and teaching resources, the rectorate decided to introduce admission re- quirements, starting with winter term 2013/2014. Since then, students have to apply for admission to EcoS; inter alia, they have to submit a demanding letter of motiva- tion, detailing their research interests and goals after graduation. …

The 21 century has often been touted as the Asian Century. However, for exactly half a century, the China’s surrounding has often registered at the list of the world's military hot spots. China’s diplomatic policy often makes troubles in the region from unresolved conflicts, intense nationalism, and competing strategic interests. However, many international and internal reasons change China’s diplomatic policy gradually from the dernier period to the end of the Cold War. In the last few years, China has fundamentally altered the negative image of international society. Yet it is not clear whether these changes have made the region (Asia) a hotter flash point or a cooler one. The theory of the social constructivist would be the important predict and analysis of this situation. After the end of the cold war, the good-neighbor policy carried out by the PRC successfully changes the image of the PRC from an unstable factor to a benign development country, at least in the economic, political and military fields in Eastern Asia. In other words, the attempt of the PRC to maintain regional peace and stability meets the need of its neighboring countries. Today, the rising in the posture of the China has given many watchers reasons for optimism by conventional standards, the China threat in aggregate terms is less than it was during the Cold War. Communist leaders have reduced the China’s conventional invasion capabilities. However, the power of China becomes much stronger than before. Of course, some researchers consider that the China might not be certainly peaceful. In the future, China would make the tension on the situation of the countries in Asia. No matter what situation of China’s rising will be, undoubtedly, the situation affects Taiwan’s national status and interests deeply. All in all, recent rising of the status of China have impact the common framework of the traditional national powers in Asia. Thus, with China’s steady development, in what ways China uses to keep the future peace in her surrounding for her further development is the major theme of this research. Thus, I try to research the series of conflicts and engagements through the social constructivist perspective, the true nature of recent developments in China would become clear. Moreover, through analyzing the issue by social constructivism, I also try to develop an interactive model of countries in Eastern Asia research, and the thesis discuss these and related issues. To what degree of China, as a rising power, is affected by the existing regional political and economic order? What will be the probable impact of China’s growing power on regional security and stability? How does the extent of China’s good neighbor diplomacy reconstruct China’s image in the Asia-Pacific region? How does the factors of United States affect to China’s Good-Neighbor diplomacy from the past to the future? At last, we will support our government with a policy reference for keeping the national interests and international status of Taiwan in the future.

”Continued Volumes of Yuan Xiang qijiushiji” (163 volumes), ”Supplements to Yuan Xiang qijiuji” (21 volumes), and ”Supplements to Yuan Xiang qijiuji qianbian” (3 volumes) are currently housed in the East Asian Library of the University of Chicago. These three manuscripts are the continuation of and supplements to the two well-known books: Yuan Xiang qijiuji, compiled by Qing scholar Deng Xianhe (1771-1851) and ”Yuan Xiang qijiuji qianbian”, by his son, Deng Cong. Even though these manuscripts have been analyzed by critics such as Qi Yongxiang, Hung Cheng and Zhou Yuan, questions still remain. Based on those previous scholarly explorations, this article thus aims at providing further discussion and examination of these texts and other related materials. In addition to ”Introduction” and ”Conclusion,” it includes four other sections: 1) Introduction to ”Continuing Volumes of Yuan Xiang qijiushiji” and the other two manuscripts; 2) Discussion of related materials mentioned in Fu Xiongxiang's Dunan coulu; 3) Discussion of related materials mentioned in Lun Ming's ”Xinhai yilai cangshu jishishi”; and 4) Analysis of how these three manuscripts were passed down from Zhou Xianyi to Li Zongtong. Through these discussions, one may come to know the connections, similarities and differences between Fu ”Xiongxiang's Dunan coulu” and Lun Ming's ”Xinhai yilai cangshu jishishi”. Moreover, the discussions also confirm the roles of Qing scholars like Lo Juhuai and Wu Minshu in the editing and compilation of ”Continuing Volumes of Yuan Xiang qijiushiji” and the other two manuscripts. This paper, I believe, may help readers acquire an in-depth understanding of these three manuscripts.

MotivationProliferating regional trade agreements (RTAs) in East Asia since the region’s financial crisis in 1997 have been hotly debated. To date, however, no research has comprehensively examined the desirability of East Asian RTAs based on such factors as membership and evolutionary paths.PurposeWe assess, retrospectively and prospectively, East Asian countries’ efforts to liberalize the regional market through co‐operation. We investigate (i) why RTAs have proliferated in East Asia; (ii) the main characteristics of East Asian RTAs; (iii) whether East Asian countries are desirable trading partners for one another; and (iv) the prospects of East Asian RTAs.Approach and methodsWe conduct a qualitative analysis on the desirability of East Asian partnership and examine quantitative studies of the likely impacts of East Asian RTAs on members, non‐members, and the global economy.FindingsWe verify that East Asian neighbours are appropriate trading partners for the formation of RTAs.Policy implicationsWe recommend that East Asian RTAs should follow an expansionary path such as the five ASEAN+1 RTAs to the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) to the Free Trade Area of the Asia‐Pacific (FTAAP). Moreover, the region must co‐operate with major external trading partners by forming cross‐regional RTAs with the European Union (EU) and United States (US). Two priority changes must also be implemented: the harmonization or simplification of the rules of origin and cumulation of value contents among East Asian RTA members.

Depuis la crise financière de 1997-1998, les pays d’Asie de l’Est ont développé un grand nombre d’initiatives en matière de coopérations monétaire et financière. La crise mondiale qui débute en 2007 a encore accéléré ce processus de coopération. La multilatéralisation de l’initiative Chiang Mai en mai 2010 devient l’élément clé en instituant un Fonds monétaire asiatique. Ce renforcement de l’intégration institutionnelle, couplé à un accroissement de l’interdépendance économique, relance le débat sur la création éventuelle d’un bloc monétaire de facto dans la région. L’objectif de ce papier est d’approfondir cette hypothèse, à l’aide de données de panel non stationnaires. Pour cela, les outils de la convergence sont ici transposés aux taux de change et nous testons, après l’avoir défini, l’hypothèse d’un bloc monétaire à l’aide des trois générations de tests de racine unitaire en panel. Les résultats obtenus révèlent, d’une part, le décrochage de ces monnaies vis-à-vis du dollar et, d’autre part, l’émergence d’une convergence vers des cibles « régionales ».