Функциональность права как критерий его действительности

What is the role of legal consciousness and legal culture in ensuring the ideological security of the national interests of the people of Uzbekistan. The article reflects the organization of legal culture as a system of spiritual, moral and legal values, which reflects the level of development of legal life, legal reality, normative-legal documents, legal consciousness. It is emphasized that the formation of national consciousness, national ideological and national ideological consciousness is very important in the context of globalization.

Introduction. The formation, functioning and development of a civilized civil society with the well-established institutions of democracy is impossible without compliance with the acting values of law, reliance on the law legitimacy regime and legal order consistency. It is worth to emphasise that the interaction between the civil society and the law-governed state, launching the integration of the legal values into the fundamental social relations and the legal order potential, can be carried out only based on the mature democracy. This determines a favourable legal environment enabling a person and a citizen to gain rights and freedoms of his priority. The involvement of the legal instruments is vitally important in such spheres of political and social reality where the rights, freedoms and legal obligations of the society members are fulfilled. The aim of the study is to identify the influence of the legal values on the legal order in the context of the democratic regime and civil society development.Materials and Methods. The article analyses the values of law in the context of the public life democratisation. In the research the general scientific as well as specific scientific methods were used, such as: dialectical, system analysis, axiological, legalistic, comparative law and others.Results. The role of the democratic Constitution of the country as a major component of the legal value system is substantiated. The features of the legal value system and the legal order potential, intermediating the state of equality, freedom, legal activity in the leading spheres of political, social, and legal reality, were analysed. It is concluded that the full-fledged functioning of the civil society and the decent living of its members are mainly determined by the legal value system and consistent legal order. The legal values efficiency is distinctly manifested only through the successful functioning of the civil society institutions and authorities, through fulfilment of the human rights and freedoms.Discussion and Conclusion. Many vital problems of the civil society cannot be solved separately from the law. The problems of the legal regulation and attempts of the state to take control over the purely public spheres of the society members’ lives are revealed. It is proposed to focus on the need to clearly define the boundaries of the social and legal order, to use rationally the regulatory potential of both the norms of law and the social conduct norms.

Aim. To analyze the concept of traditional values through the prism of various existing approaches to its interpretation, as well as in the context of the basic ideologemes that led to its formation.Methodology. The study consistently examines the path of modern Russian society towards the conception of traditional values, beginning from realization of the shortage of “spiritual staples”and finishing with approval of their detailed list at the legislative level. Various approaches to the interpretation of traditional values are analyzed, starting with destructive ones that deny them conceptual significance and relevance for various reasons, and ending with constructive ones that interpret values from concrete-historical or more wide philosophical positions. The most significant ideologemes are identified and analyzed as the worldview foundations of the conception of traditional values. To realize the stated research directions, the methods of analysis and synthesis, historical and logical methods, dialectical method, systematic method, methods of analogy and extrapolation are complexly applied.Results. The study shows that there are various interpretive approaches to the list of Russian traditional values. The most productive of them is the philosophical approach, which focuses on the most wide, integrative perception of the analyzed phenomenon. The formation of traditional values relates to several worldview foundations, the most important of them are “Moscow – the Third Rome” and “Orthodoxy. Monarchy. Nationality”. For a long time, these ideologemes determined the vector of Russia’s development, the specifics of the national consciousness of its people and the value system they were forming. They can be considered a full embodiment of the “Russian spirit”, which guided the people of Russia throughout the entire path of its historical development, guaranteed the safety of its fundamental worldview constants under any, and even the most unfavorable circumstances.Research implications. The theoretical significance of the study is related to the consideration of traditional values from the standpoint of various modern approaches to their interpretation and a critical assessment of these approaches. It is also theoretically significant to comprehend the worldview foundations of traditional values in the format of the ideologemes that led to their appearance. The practical significance of the research is due to the very topic of consideration – traditional values, that are the moral guidelines determining the worldview of Russian people, forming the foundation for the development of modern Russian society. Considering traditional values as the most important and significant for our people collective representations helps to integrate them into the consciousness and worldview of Russians, turns them into a practical guideline for actioning in modern Russia.

Today, the transfer of as much information as possible as quickly as possible is becoming the norm, with the accelerating development of the modern world, the social function of translation as an activity is also changing. At this time, the degree of the translation unit adequacy is under challenge. The postulate of the adequacy of translation known to all professionals in the field of translation, according to which every author's message should be translated as close to its meaning as possible and must accentuate its content, is taking a back seat. Skopos theory in 1978 authored by the German linguist and translator H. Vermeer pushed a reconceptualization of translation activity where the goal (skopos) conforming to which a translation piece is made and the function determined by the addressee are focused. The revolutionary idea of this theory lies in the fact that it decrowns the dominance of the source text and emphasizes the role of the translator as the creator of the translation text, giving priority to the skopos that was set to create this translation, and bringing the customer out of the shadow of the translation. The main ideas of this theory as well as the interest that is actively shown in foreign translation studies determine the urgency of this research. This article presents arguments for the foundations of this theory that may be used to reproduce modern functional translation, in particular in the scientific and technical field. The purpose of our investigation is to form specific procedures for translation activities in order to reproduce high-quality narrowly specialized translation from the perspective of the target direction of translation activities according to Skopos theory. A scientific and technical text, in terms of its functional characteristics, is best suited for the Skopos theory adaptation. Based on the study of this theory’s foundations, we tried to create some recommendations for translators that may be of interest for the development of specific procedures for the translation of scientific and technical texts. The methodology of comparing the generally accepted theory of adequacy and Skopos-theory makes it possible to identify those attractive features of the latter that add to the creation of high-quality translation text, which indicates the current direction of this work in the field of the Ukrainian scientific and technical translation studies. The given research includes general logical and general scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive and comparative methods to render our own conclusions regarding the analyzed theory. In the course of our research, it became possible to determine the paradigm of the main provisions of Skopos theory, which can guide scientific and technical translators in their activity, and on the basis of these provisions’ study to reproduce certain recommendations for professional translators regarding the translation of scientific and technical texts The overall intention of the paper was not to dictate mandatory rules to be followed by a translator, but rather to explain a new methodological approach and to form some appropriate techniques that can teach specialists in scientific and technical translation to evaluate their work as well as to take responsibility for a final translation product in face of both, the customer of the translation and the audience for which this translation is intended.

For a long time, military people have occupied a very special honorable and responsible place in society. To form a system of values of future officers is becoming an urgent task of professional military education, despite the fact that the most appropriate values and ideals of humanism and social responsibility is the system of values and meanings of the military intelligentsia. The article examines the domestic literary sources, which accumulate and present the psychological features of intelligence officer in Russian fiction. The object of the work is the images of the officers in the XVIII century Russian literature, which are the artistic precursors of images of military intellectuals in Russian literature of the XΙX century. The subject of the article ‒ psychological features of the designated artistic images of a military intellectual. The main methodological approaches are systemic, cultural-historical and literary psychologism. Theoretical, general logical and empirical methods are used as methods. It is noted that the psychological representation of the features inherent in the military intelligentsia in the literature is carried out in several basic forms: 1) a direct representation of characters "from the inside", that is, through artistic cognition of the inner world of the actors, expressed through internal speech, images of memory and imagination); 2) an indirect form, i.e. psychological analysis "from the outside", expressed in the psychological interpretation by the writer of expressive features of speech, speech behavior, mimic and others means of external manifestation of the psyche); 3) in a summative-denoting form ‒ with the help of naming, extremely brief designation of those processes that take place in the inner world. The main scientific results of the article include the identification of psychological traits of intelligence officer in Russian fiction, as well as their social functions. The article consists of two parts, in this case the first part of the work is presented.

Dialectical materialism demands that things be understood in their original form, and that they not be distorted or reshaped. To put this a little more simply, dialectical materialism is an honest ideology, an ideology of seeking truth from facts, a scientific ideology. With the exception of the proletarian class, the understanding of things by the other classes cannot be thoroughly honest, or is clearly not honest, because of the narrowness of their class interest. Only the proletarian class, because it is the class of the most advanced producers, is able to understand things honestly, that is, according to their original forms and without any distortion, addition, or subtraction. Moreover, it is able to oppose all dishonesty and all distortion.

Society, at its different stages of development, is said to evolve different modes of economic production- ranging from primitive mode, slavery mode, feudal mode, capitalist mode and sociological mode. Deploying Marxist literary theory, the paper focused on the effects and the implications of socio-economic evolution in A Market of Betrayals by examining the prevailing mode of production in the play, the type of social relations that exist among the people and govern their relation; those who determine these rules and the means of enforcing them as well as the implication for the opposing force and the society at large. Through textual analysis, it is established that the inherent contradictions in the world of A Market of Betrayals stem from the hidden selfish interest and hypocrisy of the dominant economic force which is in conflict with the interest of the working class. The hidden interests are presented as having universal values meant for the well-being of the people. The paper concluded that any socio-economic relations geared towards exploiting the people will eventually lead to a conflict because of its inherent contradictions. This conflict does not always resolve itself into a new position, essentially different from the original position.Keywords: Bourgeois, Proletariat, Superstructure, Hawks, Dialectical materialism

The current context of increasing global inequality, economic instability, and political polarization underscores the need to re-examine foundational theories that address social change and class conflict dynamics. This study investigates the significant impact of Hegelian philosophy on the formation of Marxist thought, specifically how Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels incorporated and transformed Hegel's dialectical method into a materialist framework. The research focuses on critical aspects of Hegelian dialectics, such as the synthesis of contradictions. It explores how these were reinterpreted to create Marx’s dialectical materialism, emphasizing the role of material conditions and social relations in shaping history and society. The research method involves a critical analysis of primary texts by both Hegel and Marx, as well as secondary literature that traces the development of Marxist theory from its Hegelian roots. By examining how Marx and Engels transitioned from Hegel's idealism to materialism, the study highlights the importance of understanding the economic base of society and its influence on cultural and political structures, a concept known as historical materialism. The findings demonstrate that Marx's critique of ideology, derived from Hegelian ideas, remains crucial for understanding how dominant ideologies serve to maintain the power of the ruling classes. This research is significant because it offers a deeper understanding of Marxism's theoretical foundations, which continue to inform contemporary social and political analysis. The relevance of this study lies in its potential to provide insights into ongoing issues of class dynamics, inequality, and social change in the modern world.

Topicality. Modern economic science pays much attention to the issue of social development. However, development is not necessarily accompanied by economic growth - on the contrary, it can create imbalances, disproportions, and conflicts. This is partly caused by poor understanding of the nature and patterns of development. Gaps in research of the logical and epistemological fundamentals of the development concept lead to the formation of erroneous methodological approaches and decision-making based on them that do not meet the requirements of the modern complex, dynamic, non-linear world. Aim and tasks. To investigate the universality of development theories and the possibility of their application to the study of complex economic systems; to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of metaphysical, dialectical and synergetic concepts of development; to review empirical cases of organization, self-organization and development of economic structures. Materials and methods. General scientific methods of research, in particular, logical-historical, systemic-structural, empirical, comparative, theoretical generalization and synthetic evaluations, are used. The theoretical basis of the study is the classical works of famous philosophers and methodologists, such as N. Condorcet, G. Hegel, F. Engels, K. Popper, H. Haken, I. Prigogine. Research results. In the article the main philosophical concepts of development are analyzed and the possibilities of their application to the study of economic systems are investigated. The article reviews the origins of ideas concerning development in the philosophy of ancient thinkers - Hesiod, Heraclitus, Aristotle; ideas of New Age progress theory representatives - A. Turgot, G. Vico, N. Condorcet, T. Hobbes, W. Godwin. The contradictory, progressive and regressive nature of development is revealed in terms of G. Hegel's dialectic. A critical analysis of the basic ideas of materialist dialectic is carried out. The framework for applying the dialectical principle to the study of economic development is defined. A comparative study of the dialectical and synergetic theories of development is conducted. The methodological potential of synergetics and complex systems theory for the study of innovative economic development is analyzed. With the help of empirical cases, it is demonstrated how the basic ideas of dialectics and synergetics are applied in the process of development of macro- and microeconomic systems. Conclusion. The article demonstrates the link between philosophical concepts of development and modern theories of self-organization and complex systems. Application of dialectical principle in economic science has its limitations. Hegel's dialectic is an alternative technique that explains the variability of the world, its constant motion and development, but not as a new logical method. If we reject the dialectic's claims to universality, then it can be used as a descriptive theory that explains certain typical developmental processes. In terms of synergetics, it is possible to explain the development of complex open systems in dynamics, such as economic systems. The categories of order, chaos, self-organization, order parameters, bifurcation, and phase transitions can be used as tools for analyzing economic processes. However, it is important to understand that there is no universal, absolute method of studying social reality in its development, so integration and methodological diversity based on a constant increase in knowledge are crucial.

The structure of the value system of young people is a central topic in many studies within the social sciences and humanities. In contemporary society, the individual’s value system undergoes dynamic changes, influenced by technological development, globalization, and shifting social norms. Research points to a polarization of values and a crisis of moral principles, particularly among youth, raising the recurring question of the role of upbringing in the formation of their value systems. Within this context, we analyze the available literature, focusing on identifying the challenges brought by the modern era that affect the value system on both macro and micro levels. The role of upbringing, especially within formal education, becomes crucial in the process of developing the youth's value system. The institutions where the educational process takes place are not merely spaces for acquiring knowledge and developing skills, but also for shaping moral attitudes and beliefs. Pedagogical work that integrates values such as responsibility, respect, and tolerance becomes indispensable in creating a positive social environment in which young people can realize their potential and form a stable and consistent value system, aligned with contemporary challenges. This paper examines the modern and key challenges of value-based upbringing, as well as possible directions for improving pedagogical work in accordance with the needs of youth in contemporary society, with special emphasis on the role of the educational system in shaping their value system.

This paper proposes to investigate the relationship between ethical decision-making and organizational efficiency by focusing on the objectives of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Most corporations tend to acknowledge the relationship between the long-term corporate performance and the firm’s ability to reconceive a corporate social model that promotes social responsibility and value sharing (Porter and Kramer, 2011). The marketing literature on corporate social responsibility highlights the importance of ethical marketing practice and its impact on corporate performance (Kotler and Levy, 1969; Kotler, 2005) and underscores the need for adopting an ethical marketing approach when addressing societal issues (Maignan and Ferrell, 2004; Hunt and Vitell, 2006). A significant research corpus has brought to the fore the importance of corporate social responsibility in building organizational capabilities (Carroll, 1991; Donaldson and Preston, 1995). Recent studies have shed light on the links and circular causalities between responsible marketing actions and the stakeholders’ commitment to ethical values, social objectives and value sharing (Bhattacharya and Korschun, 2008; Hult et al., 2011; Maignan et al., 2011; Ferrell et al., 2010). A similar strand of research has emphasized the relationship between marketing objectives and corporate sustainability (Lurenco et al., 2012; Sheth et al. 2011), and highlighted the links between ethical values and corporate governance (Spitzeck, 2009; Jo and Harjoto, 2012; White et al., 2012). Placed within the broad canvas of corporate social responsibility, our research seeks to assess the mediating role of stakeholders in designing and implementing a sustainable value proposition for the firm. Moreover, by making a case for building a multilayer basis of productivity, we reckon that ethical attitude constitutes a deliberate attempt to link the firm’s governance architecture to the way by which stakeholders’ decision-making processes can infuse sensemaking and sensegiving across the firm’s boundary. (Weick,1995; Balogun and Johnson, 2004). It is further argued that by raising the firm’s ethical standards, corporations can enhance transparency and foster trust among stakeholders, a condition that is expected to bring stakeholders together in an attempt to reduce constraints imposed by stakeholders’ interest trade-offs (Freeman, 1984, Freeman et al. 2005). A significant research corpus in social sciences has brought to the fore the mediating role of trust and its impact on market performance and organizational efficacy. Social exchange theories offer an explanation of how value can be created and captured through trust and cooperation among stakeholders (Blau, 1964; Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995; Tynan, 1997; Wagner and Bouteiller, 2002). Despite an abundant literature on the topic of trust, there has been little field research on how trust can be fostered and sustained within a firm’s boundary. The question of trust and value creation brings to the fore the ethical role and responsibility of stakeholders and their value system. This perspective shapes the strategies of firms themselves where value is no longer bounded by one’s personal value but is instead tied to a broader context of stakeholders’ inter and intra-firm relationships. As such, a corporate value system emanates from not only personal values but also common organizational work ethics, morality, and value system. One should be reminded that individual work ethics is associated with ones’ cognitive state of self-esteem, work experience, justice and altruistic motivations, as well as self-regarded preferences. In contrast, organizational ethics encompasses firm’s choices and dimensions that tie economic and social performance to corporate governance. The domain, nature, geography and size of operation have a direct bearing on the firm’s business and governance models. Corporate social and cultural environments are further shaped by the extent of trust among the firms’ stakeholders. One may note that trust and trust reciprocity are likely to affect stakeholders’ expectations that emanate from moralistic, materialistic, altruistic, opportunistic motivations of stakeholders (Olson, 1965; Hardin, 1968; Ostrom, 1999). A contrario, the absence of trust affects the outcome of corporate actions. Arrow (1951) and North (1990) suggest that the social exchange dynamics depends on the norms and institutions that foster mutual trust and uphold social capacity as a universal value system.

Study of values and interpersonal perception in cosmonauts on board of international space station

This study sought to discover whether there is a distinctive value system for Unitarian Universalists which distinguishes them from other religious groups. The Rokeach Values Survey was used to determine the values held by a representative sample of Unitarian Universalists. The study found that such factors as frequency of church attendance, perceived importance of religion, and economic class have almost no influence on their value patterns. Their value system differs from that of Christians, Jews, and persons claiming no religious affiliation. Finally, the study identified a distinctive Unitarian Universalist paradigm of values marked by a high ranking of the terminal values (self-respect, wisdom, inner-harmony, mature love, a world of beauty, and an exciting life) and the instrumental values (loving, independent, intellectual, imaginative, and logical) which, taken together, show an orientation towards competence rather than morality and stress personal realization, individual self-fulfillment, and self-actualization. In Part I of his H. Paul Douglass Lecture for 1969, Milton Rokeach offered a stimulating analysis of religion by identifying "the existence of value differences between the religious, the less religious and non-religious" (Rokeach 1969: 23). His conclusions defined a certain style of "being religious," but it appeared to us that further investigation might well identify different ways of being religious which need articulation. On the basis of personal knowledge and acquaintance, we hypothesized that the pattern Rokeach had identified from samples drawn in 1968 would not describe the value system of at least one religious denomination, the Unitarian Universalist Association. We further speculated that the use of the value survey instrument and the analytic techniques he had developed might reveal a distinctive Unitarian Universalist value sytem which would define a different way of being religious. Rokeach had clearly identified one pattern of religious valuing. Others might be similarly de-

Dental fluorosis affects the quality of life. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in a community affected by endemic fluorosis for several generations with a conserved biological and social environment. The study included patients from the rural population of Anantapur, India. The Dean index (DI) and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI) were used for fluorosis classification. Additionally, water samples were collected for fluoride analysis, taken from the patients’ living areas. The statistical association between the variables was analyzed. In total, 785 patients between 10 and 60 years old were included in the study (58.7% women and 41.3% men). Fluorosis signs were found in 94.6% of patients examined using the DI and 94.4% using the TFI. Moderate–severe dental fluorosis was observed in 62.8% by DI and 73.1% by TFI consuming untreated water with up to 2.9 ppm of fluoride. Furthermore, moderate–severe dental fluorosis was observed in 33.2% by DI and 39.9% by TFI consuming water with ≤1.5 ppm of fluoride. The high prevalence of moderate–severe dental fluorosis in patients consuming water with a low fluoride concentration suggests that other factors are involved. Biological susceptibility change could play an essential role in the severity of dental fluorosis in populations exposed for several generations, affecting its actual and future quality of life.

By destroying the environment, any modern society destroys its own future. For the prosperity of future generations, the environment must be preserved. To preserve nature, careful monitoring of the state of the environment, rationing and prevention of industrial emissions, development and implementation of waste-free and resource-saving technologies are required. The use of natural resources by a person with complete ignorance of the laws of nature often leads to dire, irreparable consequences. At present, humankind has begun to realize that any sector of the economy primarily affects the environment. And therefore, the world community is considering various mechanisms for preserving the environment. And of course, the idea of a green economy is one of them. A green economy is not just an opportunity, but an indispensable development path for all countries and states that aspire to ensure a reliable future for their citizens. The purpose of the study is to investigate the need and importance of the country's transition to a green economy; to research the experience of foreign countries in the transition to a green economy; to consider the ‘green economy’ as a legal phenomenon, as well as to investigate the legal issues of the transition and improvement of the regulatory framework of Kazakhstan for the transition to the green economy. The research methodology consists of materialistic dialectics, formal logical, historical law, system-analytical, comparative law and specific sociological research methods. Theoretical and practical recommendations for improving the current state mechanism for the transition to a green economy were proposed in the course of the study.