ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ТЕОРЕТИЧНИХ КОНЦЕПЦІЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the impact of structural transformations on the economic security of enterprises in the current conditions of dynamic changes in the global and regional economy. Structural transformations, which include changes in the organisational, production, technological and market spheres, have a significant impact on the ability of enterprises to ensure sustainability, financial stability, competitiveness and sustainable development. The article examines the impact of external and internal factors on the economic security of enterprises in the context of structural changes. Particular attention is paid to the key aspects of economic security, including: innovation activity, strategic planning, risk management, improving the efficiency of production processes and adaptation to new market conditions. The article analyses the main risks arising in the course of structural transformations, including increased competitive pressure, dependence on foreign markets, the need to integrate modern technologies and financial challenges. The article presents the author's approach to assessing the impact of structural changes on the economic security of enterprises. It is proposed to take into account a wide range of criteria, such as financial indicators, level of innovation, efficiency of management decisions and the ability of an enterprise to adapt to the crisis. Emphasis is placed on developing practical recommendations to improve the level of economic security of enterprises in the process of structural changes. Among the recommended measures are: introduction of an internal control system, diversification of production and market activities, investments in technology modernisation and personnel development, formation of adaptive organisational structures. The results of the study have both theoretical and practical value. They can be used by managers involved in strategic management to develop mechanisms for protecting the economic security of an enterprise. Researchers can use the findings as a basis for further research in this area. The presented material contributes to the formation of more effective approaches to the management of enterprises in the context of structural changes.

The article discusses important issues regarding the creation of a system of economic security of the enterprise, as there is no clear position regarding its necessity. A model of the formation of an effective system of comprehensive provision of economic security of the enterprise based on the implementation of specific actions that determine its mission and goals is presented. It is necessary to ensure the implementation of the specified algorithm of actions and take preventive measures to achieve economic security, and to build in accordance with the implemented policy and the formation of a strategy for its economic security. In this case, the strategy is considered as a long-term approach to achieve the company's goals. In order to counter threats to the economic security of the enterprise and ensure its stable functioning, it is necessary not only to create a comprehensive protection system, but also to ensure its rational functioning for the future. Depending on the state of the enterprise and the influence of external and internal factors on it, a set of measures is proposed to strengthen the economic security of the enterprise in terms of a separate functional component. It was found that all directions for each separate functional component of the enterprise's economic security provide an opportunity to strengthen the enterprise's economic security as a whole. The result of ensuring the economic security of the enterprise should be the stability of the functioning of the enterprise, the dynamism of its development, the efficiency of financial and economic activity and the personal safety of employees working at this enterprise. The use of a scientific and methodical approach when building an effective system of comprehensive provision of economic security of the enterprise makes it possible to take into account all possible threats, while all the means of protection used, the developed measures must be interconnected. The creation of such a system allows you to play a key role in ensuring sustainable functioning and the most effective development of the enterprise on the basis of a developed and implemented set of measures.

In modern conditions of unpredictability of economic activity, enterprises represent an open dynamic system. Functioning and development of the enterprises is influenced by numerous external and internal factors. Multiple threats of economic security may lead to negative consequences in form of solvency and financial stability violations, profitability reduction and other deterioration in the enterprise. In this regard, the relevance and the need of ensuring economic security of enterprises are increasing. The issues of economic security are relatively new to the national science. At the same time, a sufficient number of scientific literature devote to this topic. In this article is presented the analysis and the systematization of various definitions of economic security. On its basis, the authors have identified five main approaches. The relationship between economic security and other economic categories such as sustainability, effectiveness, development and independence was explained. In order to counter threats of economic security and to ensure stable functioning of enterprise, the system of economic security is developed and presented in the paper. Under this system, main ways of increasing the level of economic security of enterprises was presented. Ensuring of economic security of each enterprise serve as a basis for sustainable development both businesses and the economy as a whole.

Introduction. Financial and economic security is an important component of the study of the state of domestic enterprises. The rapid pace of digitization of all spheres of activity prompts economists to study the impact of these processes on the financial and economic security of enterprises. Domestic enterprises are in the process of adapting to the digital environment, which at the same time causes significant risks and threats to economic security. In such conditions, the task of determining the tools and use of marketing support for the financial and economic security of enterprises arises, which involves the systematic application of quality standards to reduce or eliminate possible risks and threats in economic activity. Purpose of the article is to research of the main trends caused by the digital environment and their impact on financial and economic security; analysis of marketing support of financial and economic security of enterprises on the basis of international quality standards. Method (methodology). The information method was used for the research in order to obtain informative data from scientific sources and the Internet; methods of system analysis, classification and comparative analysis - when distinguishing types of quality standards and marketing research standards, generalization method - for formulating conclusions from the conducted research. Results. The impact of digitization processes on ensuring the financial and economic security of enterprises and the need for measures to adapt to the modern digital environment are substantiated. The place of financial security in the system of economic security of the enterprise is defined. The goal of ensuring the financial and economic security of the enterprise has been established. The existing definitions of the concepts of "financial and economic security" are summarized. The application of marketing analysis of the environment of the functioning of business entities in order to determine the factors that affect financial security is argued. The main international standards of marketing research, which allow determining the factors influencing financial security, are highlighted. The system and content of international quality standards, which are strategic tools for ensuring the financial and economic security of the enterprise, have been established.

Introduction. The global trend of ESG business investment is of particular importance for Ukraine. First, the steel industry has suffered significant damage because of Russian aggression and is still suffering from damaged railway infrastructure and logistical constraints, shortages of raw materials and energy, loss of assets and shelling of facilities. However, while implementing ESG practices, Ukrainian businesses face a wide range of ESG risks, which require further research. The objective is to study the impact of ESG threats on the economic security of enterprises and the effective attraction of financial resources, which are essential in the war and post-war period for the reconstruction of Ukraine's economy and, in particular, metallurgical enterprises and thus, for ensuring their socio-economic development on the basis of sustainability, transparency and environmental friendliness. Methodology. The study used a set of scientific methods that provided a comprehensive survey of ESG threats to the economic security of metallurgical enterprises, namely: bibliographic - for reviewing literature sources; analytical and synthetic - for selecting literature sources that were important for building the research model; interpretation method - for formulating the author's own vision of the impact of ESG threats on the implementation of ESG practices in the activities of industrial enterprises during the war and in the post-war period; analysis and synthesis - for theoretical generalisation. Results. The study identified key ESG threats affecting metallurgical enterprises' economic security. A direct link between ESG threats and the implementation of ESG practices in the activities of industrial enterprises during the war and in the post-war period has been established. It is proved that enterprises that ignore ESG principles of activity demonstrate higher losses from regulatory pressure. Strategic guidelines for the introduction of ESG management at metallurgical enterprises, which should become a guarantee of their economic security, are proposed.

Problem setting. In a market economy and increased competition between enterprises become increasingly important concepts such as business information, trade secrets, know-how, confidential information, the information with restricted access. Given the fact that only one patent protection is unable to meet the needs of researchers, in addition to formal public protection and secured legal means we would like to pay attention at private legal measures, particular, the mode of trade secrets. Recent research and publications analysis. Different aspects of the protection of trade secrets were investigated by specialists such as G. Androschuk, J. Berzhye, I. Davydov, O. Davydyuk, D. Zadyhaylo, P. Kraynov, G. Nikiforov, S. Nikiforov, V. Rubanov, E. Solovyov, L. Hoffman, V. Chaplygin, A. Cherniavsky and others. However, at present there is a lack of comprehensive research of this legal phenomenon, equally useful for innovators and businesses that actively protect corporate security. Paper objective. This article is planned to determine the legal characteristics, structural elements and mechanisms by which the use of trade secrets in business have a positive impact on innovation development and corporate security entities. Paper main body. On the basis of requirements of Art. 505 Civil Code of Ukraine and art. 39 of the TRIPS Agreement we formulated commercial information signs under which it receives legal protection as an object of intellectual property: (1) privacy (real or potential) in the sense that it is as a whole or in a precise combination of aggregate and its components are not generally known or available to persons in the circles that normally deal with such information; (2) commercial value (not purely industrial or industrial), due to its secrecy; this information is unknown to others, which is a commercial interest; (3) the lawful holder of the information provides active special measures (technical, organizational, legal) to preserve secrecy. The objects of trade secrets, depending on the fields may be the following types of information: (1) scientific and technical; (2) management; (3) commercial; (4) financial. At this stage, there is a growing role of know-how, compared with patents, because as their special advantages and drop interest in patenting innovations as an independent factor, as well as economic and legal efficiency mode of trade secrets. Under the know-how necessary to understand the technical, manufacturing, engineering knowledge, experience and skills related to the design, development, manufacture, sale, operation, maintenance, repair, improve technology and other innovative objects which have the status of trade secrets, and a factor of competitiveness entity. Given the fact that the administrative and jurisdictional mechanisms for the protection of trade secrets are more or less clear, we focused on internal corporate events. First, this is consolidation in the basic documents of the entity (statute, founding and collective agreements, work rules on trade secret law) such provision as law on ownership and protection of trade secrets. Second, the order of the head of the entity to approve the list of information to be protected as a trade secret. Third, develop and adopt regulations on trade secrets. Fourth, to approve the regulations on the organization of the documents containing trade secrets. Fifth, to include in a labor agreement (contract) the condition of non-disclosure of trade secrets or employee expected signing of enhancing privacy protection. Conclusions of the research. In order to stimulate innovation growth and protection of corporate security entities we should propose changes to the legislation: (1) secure the definition of the concept of «know-how (secret production)» indicating that the exclusive right to the secret of acting as long as the relation of production secrets operating mode of trade secrets; (2) add Tax Code of Ukraine following types of tax benefits: (a) exemption of small businesses from paying value added goods produced using in-house production know-how (secrets), sold small businesses within the term of exclusive rights to these intellectual activities, but not more than 5 years; (B) exemption of small businesses from paying income tax amounts in the form of sales of products derived from the use of know-how (secrets) in-house production from the beginning of their use, within the term of the exclusive rights to these intellectual activities, but not more than 5 years; (3) adopt by the Cabinet of Ministers exemplary (typical) provision of trade secrets in business organizations, which determine the general procedure for the use of legal, organizational and technical means to ensure the confidentiality of trade secrets.

Introduction. The functioning of agricultural enterprises in a competitive and natural environment causes the existence of specific threats, overcoming which necessitates the creation of an economic security mechanism. The Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify problems of agricultural enterprises functioning, to protect producers from the effects of destructive influences, to ensure stable and maximally effective development of enterprises in the future. Results. It is established that the structural composition of the economic security system is formed by intra-production and non-production components. The plural of non-production components of economic security of agrarian enterprises are given, which include market and information. The basic components of agricultural enterprises economic security developed by scientists are summarized: their essence is defined and the services responsible for them are specified. The group of principles of the system construction of agricultural enterprises economic security is presented: legality, systematic construction, economic feasibility, effectiveness of managerial decisions, efficiency, cost optimization, validity, complexity, balance, timeliness, continuity, constant monitoring, activity, coordination and interaction, centralization, interaction focus on strategic goals, objectivity, responsiveness and dynamism, variability, responsiveness, adaptability, flexibility of management, development and improvement, promotion and responsibility. Conclusions. It is determined that the economic security of an agricultural enterprise is a state of its economic resources that provides a rational branch-organizational structure of the enterprise, taking into account the geographical location and natural and climatic conditions of its activity, under which it is able to effectively counter the possible threats to the internal and external environment, as well as to achieve the set goals and objectives based on the implementation of its chosen development strategy. Keywords: agrarian enterprises, economic security, economic security of the enterprise, system of economic security of the enterprise, planning.

Summary. The article examines the linkages between financial stability and the level of its economic security. Considered the content of financial stability, represented by its own definition, we studied the basic conditions to achieve it. The logic diagram showing the location of financial stability and financial security to ensure the economic security of the business entity. A system of internal and external factors affecting the financial stability and endanger financial stability and financial security company. It has been established that it is the internal factors such as the availability of financial resources and financial position, capital structure, the company's ability to generate profits determine the level of economic security and its ability to withstand the negative impact of external and internal threats. The necessity of improving the financial sustainability in order to improve the economic security of the enterprise. On the basis of the research proposed matrix of risks affecting the financial stability and economic security, which allows to determine the probability of their occurrence and impact. It presents the economic, social, human, financial, organizational, economic, innovative and productive tools to increase the stability and financial security of an economic entity. List considered standard measures will make a plan of action to minimize the adverse impacts and enhance financial stability and security. Therefore, a prerequisite for the economic security of the enterprise is the attainment of financial stability.

Despite vast research has been carried out and a great number of approaches are available to assess the economic security of enterprises, currently a range of security-related issues are yet beyond the research agenda, thus triggering a need for their thorough investigation and interpretation, in particular this refers to a contradictedness concept underpinned by the inverse relationship between its level (state) and a management decision which can be effective subject to certain economic indicators. The purpose of this study is to develop theoretical and methodological approaches to assess the enterprise economic security with due regard to management decisions effectiveness. To attain the research objectives, the following research methods have been employed: generalization – to draw conclusions from a primary sources content analysis, analysis and synthesis – to provide deeper understanding of the key research categories along with specifying the economic security indicators. The study suggests an ambivalent approach to the perception of management decisions. Using the example of a decision made as to the implementation of an investment project, it is demonstrated that, in contrast to the existing approaches (in which it is viewed as an anti-crisis measure and a tool to boost the level of economic security), in fact, the project may be effective from the position of enhancing the key economic indicators, however it will fail from the perspective of increasing the level of economic security. In this context, the indicators of the investment project economic efficiency have been updated with a focus towards enhancing the enterprise economic security. The study presents an algorithm to test the investment feasibility together with evaluating its impact on the level and the state of the enterprise economic security. The authors also provide a classification of effects from management decisions aimed at increasing the level of economic security. In addition to the above, a chain modeling algorithm is proposed to assess the state of economic security taking into account the rate of change in reaching by security indicators (and its individual elements) their liminal values. The use of this algorithm allows to predict the effects of multiple alternatives in management decision-making on the state of the enterprise economic security. An improved brute force methodological approach applied to investing in processes (projects) to ensure the enterprise economic security provides for a more balanced approach when making appropriate management decisions. The proposals made have important practical implications since they expand the management analytics capabilities and allow to consider the effects from management decisions on the enterprise economic security.

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical, methodological, and applied aspects of the impact of financial instruments on the economic security of enterprises, the relevance of which is significantly increasing in the context of global instability, heightened geopolitical tensions, and unfolding inflationary processes. The authors proceed from the assumption that financial instruments are a dual phenomenon: on the one hand, they offer opportunities for raising capital and hedging risks, and on the other hand, their irrational use can lead to significant losses and bankruptcy. The problem is particularly acute in connection with the war in Ukraine and the emergence of new digital financial assets, which create both new opportunities and threats. The aim of this work is to study this impact and develop practical recommendations for the effective use of financial instruments to strengthen economic security. To achieve this goal, the authors analyzed and systematized modern scientific approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “economic security of an enterprise,” in particular, resource-functional, systemic, institutional, riskological, and adaptive-innovative approaches. The paper highlights insufficiently researched aspects of the problem, including the lack of comprehensive integrated models and the imperfection of classifications of instruments based on their impact on security. The key scientific and practical result of the article is the development of its own classification of financial instruments according to the criterion of their impact on economic security (liquidity, investment, hedging, credit and banking, digital, etc.) and the systematization of the main groups of risks that threaten the financial stability of enterprises (financial, credit, operational, regulatory, digital, reputational, etc.). On this basis, a preventive monitoring model is proposed, based on a system of key risk indicators (KRI) with defined signal thresholds for rapid response to critical trends. Based on the analysis, a set of methodological recommendations for enterprises has been developed. In particular, the authors emphasize the need to diversify sources of financing through non-banking instruments (leasing, factoring), actively use insurance and hedging, introduce digital risk dashboards, and develop a formalized internal policy for managing financial instruments. The authors link the prospects for further research to the empirical testing of the proposed model, the development of industry strategies, and the application of machine learning methods in economic security management.

The operating conditions of Ukrainian enterprises require maximum attention to business security issues. Each enterprise has its own system of economic security based on existing experience and in accordance with existing theoretical developments. The effectiveness of security activities within each enterprise is not high due to the spread among top management of the belief that the system of economic security is immutable and the focus of the actions of security entities on the elimination of the consequences of the implementation of the main threats. The purpose of the study was to create a theoretical basis for the development of the enterprise's economic security system, based on the current tasks facing security entities and changes in the external environment of the functioning of Ukrainian enterprises. To consider the theoretical foundations of the formation of the economic security system of the enterprise, the following methods were applied: induction and deduction, comparison and systematization – in the study of the essential characteristics of the terms "system", "system approach" and "system of economic security of the enterprise"; synthesis and analysis – to consider the phasing of the formation of the enterprise's economic security system; morphological analysis – to specify the components of the enterprise's economic security system; graphic – for visual presentation of theoretical and methodical material; abstract-logical – for theoretical generalizations and research conclusions. The importance of rethinking the foundations of the formation of the enterprise's economic security system is substantiated, taking into account the current trends in increasing the share of the digital economy, digitalization of the labor market and the need for the appropriate digital transformation of the enterprise. Based on the generalization of the modern interpretation of the concepts "system", "system approach" and "system of economic security of the enterprise" a model of the formation of the system of economic security of the enterprise in the conditions of digitization of the labor market has been developed. As structural components of such a system, the following are highlighted: target orientations of security activities; task; subjects and objects of security; functions; politics; strategy, principles, security objects; provisioning mechanism. Attention is paid to the tools and equipment that determine the effectiveness of security entities in the ability to maintain the level of security necessary for the development of the enterprise.

Aim. The presented study aims to develop recommendations for improving the existing mechanisms of adaptation of small enterprises to the uncertain conditions of the external environment associated with digitalization processes in the economy.Tasks. The author analyzes the existing mechanisms of adaptation of small enterprises to the conditions of uncertainty; substantiates the connection between the digitalization of business processes and the economic security of enterprises; proposes an original approach to the content of the mechanism of adaptation of small enterprises to the processes of digitalization.Methods. The author uses general and special scientific methods and techniques. General scientific methods include analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization, modeling, literature review, observation, and expert assessment. Special scientific methods include factor analysis and process analysis.Results. The author substantiates the introduction of digital tools provided by Industry 4.0 and step-by-step digitalization of small enterprises in the form of original diagrams demonstrating the content of the mechanism of adaptation of enterprises to the processes of digitalization, individual elements of this mechanism (Internet marketing and its technologies), and prospects for the development of the mechanism in the form of a diagram of its integration into a large digital ecosystem (region, cluster, etc.). The most significant elements of the proposed adaptation mechanism are the mechanism of digitalization and the mechanism of economic security of small enterprises as well as their relationship and balance of interests. The study examines practical approaches to the step-by-step digitalization of small enterprise activities by assessing the efficiency of introducing certain Internet marketing tools in the activities of a small enterprise that does not directly operate in online mode (a chain of driving schools). A relevant investment project is assessed, showing the efficiency of all proposed scenarios. The author also considers the prospects of integrating small enterprises into a single digital ecosystem of a larger structure or entity (region, cluster, etc.) for a large-scale socio-economic synergetic effect that would serve as a mutual benefit for all participants of the system.Conclusions. In spite of the lack of a clear model for the digitalization of the economy in Russia and many obstacles to the successful digital transformation of small enterprises, practical digitalization mechanisms are already being developed, offering a set of step-by-step actions for small enterprises with allowance for their limited resources and prospects for development in each market. One of the success factors of digitalization is the correlation and balance between digitalization mechanisms and the economic security of enterprises. By adopting international approaches to Internet marketing technologies, a modern small enterprise gains a significant strategic advantage in the long term.

The article presents the results of research on the generalization and formation of the main provisions of methodological approaches to the assessment of the level of management of the economic security of enterprises in accordance with modern globalization changes. Criteria for assessing economic security have been determined. It is noted that the development of the system of criteria and parameters characterizing the degree of protection of the enterprise from negative influences is based on a number of proposed principles. The comparative characteristics of the methods of quantitative assessment of the level of threats based on the conditions of application, assessment, accuracy of assessment, costs, accounting for the impact of individual threat factors have been carried out. It is justified to use an approach that reflects the principles and conditions of program-target management and development, which is based on the integration of a set of indicators that determine economic security, to assess the economic security of the enterprise. It was concluded that in an effort to assess the state of such a complex technical and economic system, which is a modern enterprise, which functions in the conditions of the interaction of many internal and external factors, which often have an unpredictable effect on the process of development, production and sale of products, only based on formalized calculations can lead to results that are completely inconsistent with the real state of the enterprise and its development prospects. The proposed model of the interaction of components for assessing the level of management of economic security of enterprises, as a basis for making appropriate management decisions. as well as assessments of the company’s priorities based on the analysis of the state of the level of economic security of the company. In order to adapt the process of economic security management to changing conditions, it is necessary to carry out an effective analysis of solving tasks aimed at improving the functioning of the enterprise.

It has been proven that the creation of a system of economic security and its effective management is necessary to counteract and fight against various threats and dangers. The place of the marketing component in the economic security of the enterprise is defined. The importance of an effective marketing strategy for ensuring economic security and successful functioning of the enterprise is considered. Marketing is defined as a management function that seeks to increase the target market, build long-term relationships, satisfy customers, ensure desired profitability and strengthen competitive advantage. Theoretical approaches to the implementation of anti-crisis management were studied, specific features of supporting the economic security of construction enterprises in the short-, medium- and long-term periods were determined. The main functional goals of economic security of the enterprise are highlighted. A brief description of individual stages of management of the enterprise's economic security system is provided. It is proposed to divide the process of managing the economic security of the enterprise into the following stages: setting and justifying goals for ensuring the financial security of the enterprise, identifying the problem, establishing restrictions to minimize the financial losses of the enterprise, developing a set of measures aimed at eliminating the identified problem, making the optimal decision regarding ensuring financial and economic security of the enterprise, coordination of the adopted decision with the management of the enterprise, ongoing monitoring of the implementation of the adopted strategy. Trends in the development of construction enterprises were studied, and their features were identified: phasing of construction works; diversity of industrial relations; duration of the production cycle; stationarity of the construction object; high manufacturability of modern construction production. It has been analyzed that any construction project can be divided into three stages: construction preparation, execution of construction works and commissioning of the finished construction object. The most important reasons for the bankruptcy of construction enterprises are given, which are as follows: ineffective marketing, ineffective policy of providing the opportunity to buy apartments in installments, increased production costs due to the use of outdated technologies.

Research summary : We investigate the impact of trade secret legal protection on firm market value in the context of acquisitions. On one hand, market value may increase because trade secret assets become better protected from rivals. On the other hand, market value may decrease because trade secret protection reduces information about the target and its competitors available to potential buyers, increasing uncertainty about its value. Buyers will discount their offers in expectation of being compensated for riskier deals. Using a sample of private equity investments in the U nited S tates, we find that trade secret protection has a positive effect in industries with high mobility of knowledge workers, but a negative effect in industries with (1) high resource–value uncertainty and (2) high poor‐investment risk. Managerial summary : We argue that an increase in trade secret legal protection might not unequivocally benefit firm owners when selling their business. A stronger trade secret protection increases the market value of firms in industries with high workers' mobility, but it decreases the market value of firms in industries with uncertain resource value and/or high risk of poor‐acquisition investments. Based on the contingent effect of trade secret protection, companies may want to adjust their strategic decisions, including where to locate or relocate, based in part on whether they will derive benefits or suffer losses when trade secrets are better protected. Finally, our study should help policymakers understand more fully the economic impact of government policies associated with trade secrets. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.