НІМЕЦЬКІ ЗАПОЗИЧЕННЯ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ

The article characterizes methodical approaches to the study of the topic "Ukrainian terminology in professional communication" in the preparing of future lawyers, which consists in conducting a binary class by specialists in Ukrainian language and in law. Definitions of the concepts "binary class", "interdisciplinary connections", "interdisciplinary integration", "competence", "professional preparing", "activation of cognitive activity" are given. The updating of the topic is due to the recognition of the position that, in the opinion of the authors, only the theoretical and practical course "Ukrainian language and speech culture" is insufficient. An attempt at a binary examination of legal terminology with teachers of legal disciplines leads to preliminary conclusions about the involvement of the law experts, representatives of the chosen specialty in the educational process with the aim of popularizing the chosen profession. The problems which prompt a law student to introduce terminology into his conceptual, terminological-scientific circulation are currently important. On the one hand, the more motivated the student of higher education is to expand his linguistic competences, the higher the level of language proficiency; on the other hand, they form the foundation for professional development and expand the horizons of the branch legal orientation of future lawyers. And accordingly, the speech and psychological "barriers" of the communication component of the binary class disappear, the desire to master the terminology, to improve one's knowledge, abilities and skills from the course and disciplines of the study of branch law, using methodological and didactic documentation, educational textbooks, manuals, dictionaries, glossaries, etc. has been noticed. Only in the creative cooperation of students and teachers of the Ukrainian language and special disciplines of law can high results be achieved during a binary class, even in the conditions of distance learning. The experience of teaching the Ukrainian language in a professional direction allows, on the basis of constant observations, mastering the latest developments in the field of education and efforts to improve the level of students' knowledge, to improve the method of teaching the discipline. The proposed study is a description of the experience of studying Ukrainian law terminology as an alternative to solving these problems – an attempt at a binary format of classes.

The influence of scientific terminology on the formation of the national language is manifested in the expansion of the terminological vocabulary of the Ukrainian language at the expense of words associated with new types of mental and practical activity, in interaction with the lexical system of living, spoken language, in categorical differentiation of lexemes (belonging to different categories – names processes, objects, phenomena, individuals, institutions), in the formation of the first system formations on the disparate terms basis. Tax terminology belongs to the ancient layers of the lexical system, its formation depends on many linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and ordering were the least studied of Ukrainian Linguistic issues. The least studied in linguistic-Ukrainian studies were the questions of the functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and organization. The analysis of the historical background of economic activity in the Ukrainian language aspect, is closely linked to the Ukrainian political history. In addition, we take into account the geopolitical situation that arose as a result of the distribution of Ukrainian lands for several centuries between different states, where Ukrainians followed to legislations of these countries, where the rights and status of the Ukrainian language manifested itself in different ways. Different linguistic and political orientations of the regions of Ukraine had influenced on the formation of the tax terminology on the Dnieper and Dniester territories. As follows, there were extralinguistic factors of analyzed terms borrowing which had the main influence on the process, such as: Integration processes in science, the high level of development of this science-applied discipline in the countries of Western Europe. The long existence of Ukraine in conditions of economic, socio-political and cultural dependence on neighbouring states. As a result of the historical and political factors, the stages of free, natural development of terminology, dominance in all spheres of special language, specifically Ukrainian vocabulary, as alternating with the stages of artificial Russification, polonization or Germanization of the economic vocabulary of the Ukrainian language with parallel withdrawal from the circulation of terms created on its own linguistic basis. The sources of the Ukrainian tax terminology were such languages as Latin, Greek, French, German, Lithuanian, Italian, English, Turkish, Arabic, Polish. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity of approaches that has developed in Ukraine in the field of scientific language (scientific style in general) requires serious linguistic analysis and developing of specific recommendations for the creation and use of terms due to their solidity in science and the language, convenience, and the correspondence of the Ukrainian language system. That is why particular importance is the question of the correlation of the national language and foreign languages terms, the role of borrowing in the system of development modern Ukrainian terminology. The best option is to use national terms if they correspond to the optimal aesthetic, linguistic and cultural characteristics, psychological characteristics. The situation of uncertainty ambiguity of approaches which has developed in Ukraine in the field of the scientific language, (the scientific style in general),needs serious linguistic analysis and making specific recommendations as for creating and using terms, considering on their solidity in science and language, convenience, compliance with the Ukrainian language system.

The vocabulary of the Ukrainian language of the XVIth–XVIIth centurу as a systemic dynamic phenomenon was studied in the thesis basing on Ukrainian-language written sources of various styles and genres, a set of techniques was selected and applied, a number of new approaches to the analysis of the time dynamics of vocabulary was proposed. It is stressed that the most noticeable are changes of vocabulary and semantics due to the verbalization of the dynamics of the culture of society – the transformations in the material-subject and production spheres, intercessions of some social and cultural dominants. It is accentuated that an important factor in the dynamics of the Ukrainian language is its interaction with the other languages, that leads to the changes in the structure of language elements, their interconnections and their functions. The correlation between dynamics and statics in the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language of the XIth–XVth century and XVIth–XVIIth century is determined, combinations of various changes of the lexical system of the Ukrainian language are characterised. Changes appear in the formation of new values of specific or borrowed lexemes as a result of metonymic transformations, semantic attraction, entering into constant phrases or cliché expressions, generalization or specialization of meanings, emergence of connotative, estimative elements of semantics. Functional reduction of the word, its absence in the written sources of the next period in comparison with the previous stage of the existence in language testifies deactualization of the notion in the language model of the world, as well as intercession of an older lexeme by a new nomination – specific or borrowed. The regularities of the expansion of the Ukrainian vocabulary due to foreign-language influences are discovered, the factors that influenced the degree of saturation of thematic and lexical-semantic groups are outlined. The architectonics of the lexical system and its conceptual organization as a reproduction of the contemporary language model of the world of Ukrainian people are revealed. The formal and semantic derivation of nominative units, adaptation of borrowings to the structure of the recipient language are analized. Dynamics of the formal structure of the vocabulary is connected with a change in the meaning of the primary lexeme. Formal derivation establishes motivational and word-formation models, outlines productive ones for the appropriate period of language development. According to the sources of the XVIth–XVIIth century both non-hybrid (monolingual) and hybrid derivatives are present there. Analysis of derivatives of foreign genesis, the history of their appearance in the Ukrainian language of the XVIth–XVIIth century, as well as the study of the functioning of borrowings in the language allowed to estimate hypothetically the place of derivation (in the source language, intermediate language, recipient language); complexity of genesis estimation of derivatives associated with the presence of common affixes and word-formation models for interacting languages. For many lexemes the time of their appearance in the Ukrainian language is specified, assumptions about time and conditions of borrowings are verified. For the study of the history of borrowings it is important to find out the history of functioning of the corresponding lexemes in the source language and intermediate languages, and their timing appearance (moment of entry), distribution and adaptation in the recipient language. Determination of the moment, the time of „birth” – appearance and rooting – of the borrowings foresees the proof of the absence of written fixation of an appropriate lexeme in older written sources. The conditional identification of the time of the first fixation and the time of borrowing allowed to find out lexemes for which the time of borrowing can be set: for such date a year / relative chronological sign, which is indicated in the written source, or exactly the year of writing a memorial are accepted. For a series of lexemes relative chronological characteristics (indication of time period from the interval of one year to another or the corresponding century) are proposed. Application of methods of determining the time of the appearance of lexeme based on the history of the designated reality contributed to the definition of borrowings that nominate the notion of material culture, the history of which is clearly established, or the time before which these borrowings could not appear in the recipient language. It was clarified that the chronology of foreign language nominatives contributes to clarification of the sources of borrowing, in particular, for alternative explanations available in science. An important role in determining the chronological characteristics of the lexemes has the information about the peculiarities of the analyzed lexemes’ functionning in the potential intermediary languages.

The article focuses on the examination of the internationalisms in social and political sphere. Lexical and semantic changes during the process of the internationalisms’ borrowing are explored in French, English and Ukrainian languages. Due to our analysis the expansion, restriction, deterioration of the meaning, metaphorical and metonymical transfer and desemantization are fixed in this study. In the triads of the internationalisms in military terminology the proper names’ transposition and the improvement of the meaning are not found what can be clarified by the borrowing terminology specificity. These described lexical and semantic changes have been occurred as a consequence of language contact and the polysemy of most internationalisms. In view of modern geopolitical situation, the linguistic interest to the military terminology is increasing, so the further study related to the assimilation and translation of the internationalisms in military terminology are to our mind quite perspective.

У статті розглядається відображення лексем «tourist / турист» в англійській та українській мовних картинах світу. Під картиною світу розуміється спосіб концептуалізації світу, бачення позамовного світу певними етносами й закріплення його вербальними засобами певних мов. Дослідження проводиться на матеріалі туристичних термінів, які виконують комунікативну функцію в професійному середовищі й обслуговують людей, які користуються послугами цієї сфери. Етимологічний аналіз досліджуваних лексем засвідчив їхнє походження зі старофранцузької мови. Зазначається, що в англійській мові запозичення з’явилося набагато раніше, ніж в українській мові. Порівняльний аналіз показує, що англійська одиниця “tourism” є полісемантичною; словники української мови фіксують однозначність лексеми «турист». Обидва слова є складовими словосполучень. Виокремлено сім структурних моделей словосполучень в англійській мові, найчастотнішою серед яких є структура N + N. Серед багатокомпонентних структур переважає модель N + N + N. Оскільки лексема «турист» не вживається в функції означення в українській мові, словосполучень із досліджуваним словом набагато менше. Зафіксовано єдину структурну модель: прикметник + іменник. Акцентується увага на тому, що в українській мові широким є використання похідних від лексеми «турист». В обох мовах зафіксовано складні слова – афіксальні деривати. Зміст лексем «tourist / турист» доповнено синонімами. Підкреслюється, що переважна більшість синонімів англійської мови є ідеографічними. Для української мови характерним є більш широке використання стилістичних синонімів. В обох мовах помітний пласт лексики становлять професійні жаргонізми. З’ясовано, що деякі лексичні одиниці були запозичені з англійської мови в українську, що свідчить про інтенсивність культурно-історичних контактів народів. Виявлено, що лексеми «tourist / турист» мають як спільні для обох мов характеристики, так і марковану специфіку відображення в англійській та українській лінгвокультурах.

From the moment of its establishment the nationally oriented model of foreign language teaching, subject to certain changes in its theoretical understanding and practical use, has been in the center of linguadidactic studies. The article shows dominating trends in the interpretation of this notion in the context of the interaction between universal and nationally specific aspects of teaching a foreign language (Ukrainian and Russian) to speakers of unrelated languages. The authors trace the evolution of approaches to the main principle of this model, which is taking into account the mother languages of students, in the modern educational environment and in connection with the correction of the final goal of learning a language, i.e. teaching communication in a foreign language. The study revealed essential steps forward in subject relevance, content details, didactic and methodological support of the analyzed model of teaching. Special attention was paid to proving the necessity of linguodidactic interpretation of comparative and typological study results of the Ukrainian and Chinese languages aimed at the determination of potential interference zones, detection and systematization of difficulties in the acquisition of particularities of the Ukrainian language and ways of overcoming them. A shift in the linguodidactic description from universal senses, semantic and syntactic relations, and communication intentions to nationally specific forms of their expression seems to be methodically feasible. The article contains characteristics of typical mistakes of Chinese students made at phonetic, word formation and grammar levels, determined by essential structural and systematic differences between mother and target languages as well as peculiarities of cognitive, thinking and educational activities of this student group. Prospective for further studies are didactic and methodic processing of results of the comparison between fragments of Ukrainian and nonrelated mother languages of speakers.

This paper offers a quantitative study of temporal reference in Mandarin using three translation corpora (French–Mandarin, Mandarin–French and English–Mandarin). We have systematically examined a series of overt linguistic factors (such as perfective and imperfective grammaticalized particles, temporal adverbs and adverbials) and non-linguistic factors (such as lexical aspect and the Bounded Event Constraint, the latter argued to be a universal pragmatic principle) which current research suggests are responsible for expressing temporal reference in Mandarin. We used methods from the field of corpus linguistics, such as translational spotting, data coding (when no metalinguistic judgement is necessary) and data annotation (when a metalinguistic judgement is required). Our quantitative analyses indicate that, contrary to what is predicted by non-empirical studies, aspectual particles are infrequent and their role in expressing temporal reference is questionable. In contrast, temporal adverbs and adverbials play a significant role in expressing reference to past and future time, whereas linguistically non-marked situations are most frequently located in the present. In accordance with the Bounded Event Constraint, the lexical aspect of situations is central to the determination of temporal reference: events are largely located in the past, and states in the present. These results are interpreted in a relevance-theoretic model of temporal reference, according to which hearers treat temporal information coming from various cues in a cognitively coherent manner. A series of differences has been found regarding the role of the factors examined for Mandarin as a source and as a target language, partially supporting the assumption of translation universals.

The article is devoted to the description of systems of measure and measurements of English, German, Polish and Ukrainian languages. It goes about the history of measures, the origin and formation of units of measurement. It studies the synonymous and variant-synonymous relations that were presented in the nations of the studied languages. The article deals with the linguoculturo-logical semantic features of the phraseology with metrological components in English, German, Polish and Ukrainian. For the first time, phraseology with such a type of components in the four languages has been studied for distinguishing their linguistic, national and cultural peculiarities, and their semantic characteristics have been given. Phraseology with components—general names Eng. measure, Ger. Messen/Maß, Pol. miara/miarka, Ukr. міра/мірка and with descriptive names of measurement units, which denote approximate distance, length, water depth and thickness of the object, has been researched.

Review of the monograph Cherkhava Оlesya. (2017). Reconstruction of theolinguistic religious popular discourse matrix (based on the English, German and Ukrainian languages). Kyiv: KNLU Publishing Center.

This article examines the use of English verbs related to human behavior in W. Thackeray’s novel “Vanity Fair” and their translations into German and Russian. Based on the analysis of lexicographic sources, the structure of the lexico-semantic group of behavioral verbs in English, German, and Russian was analyzed. Common transformations employed to translate such verbs from English into German and Russian were identified. The most representative examples were picked from the novel. Particular attention was given to the relationship between the translation methods and each target language, as well as between the source language and the target languages. The Russian and German translations of the novel were compared for accuracy in conveying all details. Using componential analysis, a semantic classification of the selected verbs, depending on the type of behavior they describe, was compiled for the three languages. The results obtained led to the following conclusions. The behavioral verbs in W. Thackeray’s novel “Vanity Fair” are most often translated into Russian and German with literal equivalents of the original lexemes. However, lexical and grammatical substitutions were also revealed: their usage depends on grammatical structure, lexical compatibility, and linguistic standards. The German translation proved to be more plausible than the Russian one. This could be because English and German are both Germanic languages and belong to the same branch of the Indo-European language family. In the Russian translation, multiple transformations of the original text are used more often. They are meant to convey the author’s ideas rather than the exact lexicographic meanings of separate words. The findings of this study contribute to the development of the theory and practice of translation and provide a deeper insight into W. Thackeray’s worldview.

The article deals with the issue of organizing cadets’ independent while studying professional terminology. The need for individual study of professional vocabulary lies in the fact that in the course of their professional activities, future employees will use unambiguous and clear terms that will ensure a correct understanding of the content of documents and regulations, which will help to avoid mistakes. After all, the tasks’ success depends on the accuracy of the timing, particularly in crisis situations. There are several reasons for the need to learn military terminology. The state language is used in all regulations, orders, laws, and other official acts. To understand and accurately perform their duties, cadets have to be fluent in the language and terminology. Future officers or civil servants will interact with colleagues, superiors and citizens, so their professional communication must be at a high level. After all, the use of correct terminology and clear formulation of thoughts in the state language ensures effective communication and prevents misunderstandings. A perfect command of foreign and Ukrainian terminology is an indicator of a high level of competence and professionalism. This creates a positive image of a serviceman and civil servant both to colleagues and the public. It is analyzed that independent learning contributes to cadets’ search activity, development of intellectual potential, and creative abilities. The objectives of independent learning that will help to expand students’ vocabulary, and learn to accurately and correctly use terms in both oral and written speech are outlined. The organization of cadets’ independent learning while studying professional terminology contributes to better consolidation of new material. It helps to assimilate the knowledge gained in lectures and practical classes, simulates conditions close to real-life situations in professional activities. It helps cadets to gain and develop confidence in their knowledge and skills, which is valuable for future military personnel and specialists in the field of state security. Independent learning is a significant tool for training cadets, which not only improves their knowledge and skills, but also forms responsibility, self-control and readiness to perform professional duties.

The purpose of the paper is to study the structural, lexical and grammatical peculiarities of English metallurgical terms, to investigate their influence on translation into Ukrainian. Methodology. The research was carried out on the material of English metallurgical terms, taken from dictionaries and Internet sources. Using methods of component analysis and dictionary definitions analysis, we studied structural, grammatical and lexical peculiarities of those terms. Then a comparative analysis of English terms and their Ukrainian translation was carried out. The results have shown that English metallurgical terms are divided into simple, complex, compound and derivative terms according to their structure. It has been observed that English complex (binary) metallurgical terms are formed according to five models: N + N; Adj + N; P. I (G) + N; P. II + N; Prop. N + N. The most productive model of English binary terminological phrases is N + N model (30.3%). It has been noticed that the majority of complex terms are multicomponent, they comprise terms consisting of three or more words. It has been found out that a number of components in multicomponent terms in the target language may decrease or increase due to the different grammatical structures of the English and Ukrainian languages. Consecutive translation of words in multicomponent terms is rarely preserved: an English terminological phrase, which mainly has semantic development of components from the left to the right, is often translated into Ukrainian from the right to the left. If the number of components is large, a term tends to become an abbreviation. Research has shown that a common technique to translate abbreviated terms is translation by its full form. Terms consisting of one or two words, as a rule, do not cause difficulties in translation, with the exception of synonymy and polysemy. Synonyms can influence the translation of terms. They appear in terminology due to some processes: usage of synonymous attributive components, functioning of doublets which belong to national variants of the English language, alternation of nuclear components within a complex term. The terms containing proper names are called eponymous. While translating names of inventors, scientists into Ukrainian they are transcribed/ transliterated and put to the end of a phrase in Genitive case. However, there are some cases when proper names do not pass to the target language at all. A small number of pragmatonyms has been identified in terms as well.

This study examines the challenges faced by Ukrainian students in acquiring accurate English pronunciation, particularly in relation to mother tongue interference. Language learners often struggle with pronunciation, and the issue is compounded by the presence of phonetic differences between the mother tongue and the target language. The aim of this article is to investigate the extent of this interference on Ukrainian students’ English pronunciation acquisition. A mixed-methods research approach was used, involving a questionnaire survey, an interview, and a pronunciation test. The participants were 43 Ukrainian students enrolled in an English language program. The results of the investigation show that mother tongue interference is a significant factor in Ukrainian students’ English pronunciation acquisition. Specifically, the interference affects the production of certain English sounds, such as /ð/ and /θ/, which are not present in the Ukrainian language. The findings suggest that English language teachers need to be aware of the impact of mother tongue interference on pronunciation acquisition and develop appropriate strategies to address it. Teachers should provide explicit instruction on the production of challenging English sounds and encourage students to use corrective feedback. Furthermore, exposure to authentic English input, such as audio and video resources, can facilitate the acquisition of accurate English pronunciation. Thus, this study sheds light on the challenges faced by Ukrainian students in acquiring accurate English pronunciation. The findings indicate that mother tongue interference is a significant factor in pronunciation acquisition, particularly in the production of specific English sounds. The analysis provides useful insights for English language teachers in addressing these issues and improving their students’ pronunciation skills.

The article raises the issue of the formation of professional translation competence by studying the main methods of translation of English attributive word combinations, which are one of the most characteristic phenomena of English syntax. Translation competence is characterized by a person’s ability to communicate effectively in various spheres of life, knowledge of language norms, knowledge of etiquette, understanding of cultural characteristics and the ability to use this knowledge depending on the situation. The article focuses on the linguistic component of translation competence, which involves knowledge of the language system and its rules of functioning during foreign language communication, in particular, the grammatical aspect is considered. Compared to the Ukrainian language, the structural and semantic features of attributive groups in modern English have a wider range of semantic and grammatical connections between members of word combination, which leads to translation difficulties and requires the use of various grammatical and lexical transformations. The study highlights and characterizes the main methods and techniques of reproduction of selected grammatical phenomena in the Ukrainian language, clarifies which structural models of the studied constructions are the most productive, also performed contrastive translation analysis of the transfer of attributive word combinations. It was found that one of the main ways to translate attributive constructions with a noun attribute is to rearrange the members of a phrase, and grammatical transformations such as replacing a noun with an adjective or a verb phrase are also often used. Another technique used in translating attributive prepositional constructions with a noun attribute is descriptive translation, in which the word, phrase, term, or phraseology of the source language is replaced in the target language by a phrase that adequately conveys the meaning of the word or phrase. Mastering these techniques will increase the translation competence of students and improve interlingual communication skills. Keywords: translation competence, attributive word combination, lexical transformation, grammatical transformation, translation studies.

The article is dedicated to the study of the formation of phytonymous borrowings of Polish origin. The topicality of the chosen subject is determined by the need to deepen and systematize the data of etymological research of Ukrainian phytonymous borrowings of Polish origin. The aim of the study is to establish ways of archaic groups’ forming of the vocabulary of the modern Ukrainian language of the Western-Slavic origin. The following tasks depended of the aim. – to establish the ways of borrowing of Phytonymous Nomenclature in the Ukrainian language; – to identify the diachronic models of semantic changes in the Proto-Indo-European stems (roots), to which modern Ukrainian plant names are concerned. The botanic borrowings of Polish origin are analized. The research proves that semantic modifications, as in other groups of East-Slavonic botanical names, occur under certain dynamic motivational models (form → name by form, plant → plant, action → subject of action → name by subject, action → object of action → name of object, animal (bird) → name in form, form → habitat → name by place, place → name by place, plant → part of plant → name by part, etc.), and it is accompanied by a number of specific semantic modifications primarily inherent to individual lexical-semantic groups of botanical vocabulary. So, the necessity for the further study of botanical borrowings, is that the motivational foundations, called derivatives, lead to more profound semantic analysis of this lexical-semantic group of words, and also contribute to the further study of etymological character. The requirements of comparative-historical, etymological study of the Slavonic vocabulary arise the task of developing of a more precise lexical and terminological approach to interlingual synonymy phenomena, lexical and semantic parallels, models of nomination (motivational models), search for other permanent inter-system semantic relations. Etymological dictionaries and special lexicological studies of Slavonic languages create a sufficiently enough base for it and contain valuable personal observations that require systematization and theoretical substantiation.