ПОЛЬСЬКІ ЗАПОЗИЧЕННЯ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ФІТОНІМІЇ

The vocabulary of the Ukrainian language of the XVIth–XVIIth centurу as a systemic dynamic phenomenon was studied in the thesis basing on Ukrainian-language written sources of various styles and genres, a set of techniques was selected and applied, a number of new approaches to the analysis of the time dynamics of vocabulary was proposed. It is stressed that the most noticeable are changes of vocabulary and semantics due to the verbalization of the dynamics of the culture of society – the transformations in the material-subject and production spheres, intercessions of some social and cultural dominants. It is accentuated that an important factor in the dynamics of the Ukrainian language is its interaction with the other languages, that leads to the changes in the structure of language elements, their interconnections and their functions. The correlation between dynamics and statics in the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language of the XIth–XVth century and XVIth–XVIIth century is determined, combinations of various changes of the lexical system of the Ukrainian language are characterised. Changes appear in the formation of new values of specific or borrowed lexemes as a result of metonymic transformations, semantic attraction, entering into constant phrases or cliché expressions, generalization or specialization of meanings, emergence of connotative, estimative elements of semantics. Functional reduction of the word, its absence in the written sources of the next period in comparison with the previous stage of the existence in language testifies deactualization of the notion in the language model of the world, as well as intercession of an older lexeme by a new nomination – specific or borrowed. The regularities of the expansion of the Ukrainian vocabulary due to foreign-language influences are discovered, the factors that influenced the degree of saturation of thematic and lexical-semantic groups are outlined. The architectonics of the lexical system and its conceptual organization as a reproduction of the contemporary language model of the world of Ukrainian people are revealed. The formal and semantic derivation of nominative units, adaptation of borrowings to the structure of the recipient language are analized. Dynamics of the formal structure of the vocabulary is connected with a change in the meaning of the primary lexeme. Formal derivation establishes motivational and word-formation models, outlines productive ones for the appropriate period of language development. According to the sources of the XVIth–XVIIth century both non-hybrid (monolingual) and hybrid derivatives are present there. Analysis of derivatives of foreign genesis, the history of their appearance in the Ukrainian language of the XVIth–XVIIth century, as well as the study of the functioning of borrowings in the language allowed to estimate hypothetically the place of derivation (in the source language, intermediate language, recipient language); complexity of genesis estimation of derivatives associated with the presence of common affixes and word-formation models for interacting languages. For many lexemes the time of their appearance in the Ukrainian language is specified, assumptions about time and conditions of borrowings are verified. For the study of the history of borrowings it is important to find out the history of functioning of the corresponding lexemes in the source language and intermediate languages, and their timing appearance (moment of entry), distribution and adaptation in the recipient language. Determination of the moment, the time of „birth” – appearance and rooting – of the borrowings foresees the proof of the absence of written fixation of an appropriate lexeme in older written sources. The conditional identification of the time of the first fixation and the time of borrowing allowed to find out lexemes for which the time of borrowing can be set: for such date a year / relative chronological sign, which is indicated in the written source, or exactly the year of writing a memorial are accepted. For a series of lexemes relative chronological characteristics (indication of time period from the interval of one year to another or the corresponding century) are proposed. Application of methods of determining the time of the appearance of lexeme based on the history of the designated reality contributed to the definition of borrowings that nominate the notion of material culture, the history of which is clearly established, or the time before which these borrowings could not appear in the recipient language. It was clarified that the chronology of foreign language nominatives contributes to clarification of the sources of borrowing, in particular, for alternative explanations available in science. An important role in determining the chronological characteristics of the lexemes has the information about the peculiarities of the analyzed lexemes’ functionning in the potential intermediary languages.

The article focuses on the examination of the internationalisms in social and political sphere. Lexical and semantic changes during the process of the internationalisms’ borrowing are explored in French, English and Ukrainian languages. Due to our analysis the expansion, restriction, deterioration of the meaning, metaphorical and metonymical transfer and desemantization are fixed in this study. In the triads of the internationalisms in military terminology the proper names’ transposition and the improvement of the meaning are not found what can be clarified by the borrowing terminology specificity. These described lexical and semantic changes have been occurred as a consequence of language contact and the polysemy of most internationalisms. In view of modern geopolitical situation, the linguistic interest to the military terminology is increasing, so the further study related to the assimilation and translation of the internationalisms in military terminology are to our mind quite perspective.

This article is an attempt to create a lexicographic picture of the word bastard according to lexicographic sources. Within the framework of the integral approach, the origin of the word is described, and the main versions related to the lexeme's language of origin are indicated; the coexisting variants (batard, bastard) of its functioning in lexicography before the formation of the norm are revealed; there are 7 LSVs of the polysemous word bastard, presented in pre-revolutionary (early 19th century — 1917), Soviet (from 1922 to 1991) and modern (from 1992 to 2025) dictionaries; the analysis of communicative-prosodic, combinational, syntactic, morphological, word-formation, stylistic properties, as well as semantic connections with other lexemes (synonyms, antonyms) is carried out. At the beginning of the 20th cent., the meanings of the word belonged to the current terminological vocabulary. In half of the works, 1 meaning (LSV-2) is fixed in connection with the popularization of eugenics and the relevance of the term, as well as the fixation of LSV-1, mainly for the lexeme batard. The most significant semantic transformations under the influence of extralinguistic factors are noted in Soviet lexicography. In the USSR, there is a tendency to narrow the values of LSV-1 (since the 1980s), LSV-2 (since the 1950s), accompanied by the appearance of stylistic differences and the fixation of derivatives. Due to the intensification of the negative connotation of LSV-2 and its derivatives after the war, the word bastard was specified, qualified as «obsolete» and «disappeared» from dictionaries until the 1980s. In modern publications, there is a tendency to narrow down semantics (LSV-1, LSV-2). The dynamics of semantic changes in a polysemous word demonstrates dependence the social policy of the state at a specific period of history. Polysemous word bastard belongs to the passive vocabulary of the modern Russian language. One of the reasons for the transition is the presence of a negative evaluative component of the generating meaning.

The influence of scientific terminology on the formation of the national language is manifested in the expansion of the terminological vocabulary of the Ukrainian language at the expense of words associated with new types of mental and practical activity, in interaction with the lexical system of living, spoken language, in categorical differentiation of lexemes (belonging to different categories – names processes, objects, phenomena, individuals, institutions), in the formation of the first system formations on the disparate terms basis. Tax terminology belongs to the ancient layers of the lexical system, its formation depends on many linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and ordering were the least studied of Ukrainian Linguistic issues. The least studied in linguistic-Ukrainian studies were the questions of the functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and organization. The analysis of the historical background of economic activity in the Ukrainian language aspect, is closely linked to the Ukrainian political history. In addition, we take into account the geopolitical situation that arose as a result of the distribution of Ukrainian lands for several centuries between different states, where Ukrainians followed to legislations of these countries, where the rights and status of the Ukrainian language manifested itself in different ways. Different linguistic and political orientations of the regions of Ukraine had influenced on the formation of the tax terminology on the Dnieper and Dniester territories. As follows, there were extralinguistic factors of analyzed terms borrowing which had the main influence on the process, such as: Integration processes in science, the high level of development of this science-applied discipline in the countries of Western Europe. The long existence of Ukraine in conditions of economic, socio-political and cultural dependence on neighbouring states. As a result of the historical and political factors, the stages of free, natural development of terminology, dominance in all spheres of special language, specifically Ukrainian vocabulary, as alternating with the stages of artificial Russification, polonization or Germanization of the economic vocabulary of the Ukrainian language with parallel withdrawal from the circulation of terms created on its own linguistic basis. The sources of the Ukrainian tax terminology were such languages as Latin, Greek, French, German, Lithuanian, Italian, English, Turkish, Arabic, Polish. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity of approaches that has developed in Ukraine in the field of scientific language (scientific style in general) requires serious linguistic analysis and developing of specific recommendations for the creation and use of terms due to their solidity in science and the language, convenience, and the correspondence of the Ukrainian language system. That is why particular importance is the question of the correlation of the national language and foreign languages terms, the role of borrowing in the system of development modern Ukrainian terminology. The best option is to use national terms if they correspond to the optimal aesthetic, linguistic and cultural characteristics, psychological characteristics. The situation of uncertainty ambiguity of approaches which has developed in Ukraine in the field of the scientific language, (the scientific style in general),needs serious linguistic analysis and making specific recommendations as for creating and using terms, considering on their solidity in science and language, convenience, compliance with the Ukrainian language system.

The article deals with the investigation peculiarities of military vocabulary in the Ukrainian language on the example of the names of the weapon. The regimentation names of weapon allows us to set the position of each lexeme in a coherent structure, to identify a set of semantic-paradigmatic connections and relationships between words in a lexical-semantic group and outside, as well as follow logical and linguistic consistency military vocabulary.

Until now, the Ukrainian linguistics has claimed that the main substrate for the Ukrainian language is North Iranian / Scythian. This dominant opinion was based on the well-known hypothesis of the Soviet school philologists and, in particular, of the Ossetian linguist Vaso Abaiti (better known as Vasyl Abaev (Abayev)) about the Iranian origin of the Scythian language. The scholar insisted that the Ossetian language descended from the hypothetical Scythian-Sarmatian one, and tried to explain the names of the largest waterways not only of the Black Sea region but also of the entire Ukraine and Eastern Europe using only Iranian-Ossetian words.The author of the article has prepared a number of materials to refute this false claim of modern researchers. In this respect, undoubtedly helpful is a unique artifact, a prehistoric inscription discovered ten years ago in the basement of a temple in the regional center, Zhytomyr. It turned out that the modern Ukrainian vocabulary contains a large number of words whose meanings and sounds are almost identical to the Anatolian glosses – Phrygian, Lydian, Thracian, Lycian A and Lycian B (Milyan), Carian, as well as the preceding languages – Hattic/Hattian and Luwian/Luvian. As evidenced by the lexical material of the Phrygian-Ukrainian dictionary, prepared by the author of the article, most of such related words (full cognates) are observed in these two languages – Phrygian and Ukrainian. This refutes another false linguistic statement which most closely relates Ancient Greek to Phrygian. It was made by linguists relying on forty Greek words that sound similar to Phrygian. The proposed study provides striking discoveries: more than a half of the Old Phrygian words known today have entered the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language. Why has it been concealed before? It turns out that the researchers have so far compared Phrygian only with Greek, Armenian, Old Macedonian, Albanian; however, for some reason, no one dared call it the closest relative of the Ukrainian language. This might have been prevented by the fact that, by Herodotus’ definition, Phrygian was considered “the most ancient language of the world”.

Objective. The objective of the article is to study the features of youth slang and banter and their place in modern language systems; to investigate the specificity of the translation of youth slang and banter into Ukrainian from English and vice versa. Methods. The need to consider the formation of interactive relations between youth slang and banter in English and Ukrainian languages has led to recourse to the methods of historical and analytical approach, as well as analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of youth slang and banter. Results. Youth slang is an integral part of expressive vocabulary and serves to enrich and diversify the process of communication, works of literature, reports and journalistic works. Already at the beginning of the research, it was clear that this is a special vocabulary that not everyone understands, therefore, for the sake of an effective comparative analysis in English and Ukrainian languages, the main difficulties of translating youth slang and banter were first of all solved and considered. This is a rather important stage, because in order to move on to the main ways of education, it is necessary to correctly translate this or that slang expression. Having researched and presented an analysis of various scientific works and opinions on this matter, we learned that this branch of linguistics has been and continues to be of interest to many researchers. They described slang vocabulary from different angles, trying to analyze the origin, distribution, representatives and conditions of distribution. When writing, it was found that, in addition to the ways of formation acceptable for linguistics, one should rely on the emergence of social groups, because they are the beginners who lay the foundation for the creation of jargonisms. The obtained results also have given us an understanding that jargon is gaining popularity among all strata of the population and because of this, it is often used without even understanding the meaning of what is said or written. But on the other hand, in some spheres of distribution, it acts as an effective and even necessary means of communication. The topic was not chosen by chance, a large number of examples and a wide field of distribution provided an opportunity to investigate the initial stages of the formation of jargonisms. In addition, we paid attention to neoplasms in this area. Observation shows that any lexical structure of the language is a dynamic organism. It is constantly in need of development, rejects outdated units and accepts new ones. Having characterized the examples related to the new phenomena of the world scale, we made sure that the slang vocabulary is capable of changes and transformations. Having analysed the jargon of Oxford and Kyiv-Mohyla Academy students, we can draw conclusions about vocabulary in both languages. First of all, a comparative analysis of different ways of formation in English and Ukrainian languages was carried out. We singled out the main methods and, based on examples, provided certain statistics regarding the composition of methods (in percentage) in both analysed languages. Moreover, the results showed a tendency towards the spread of one or another path in certain social groups. Another important issue was the study of the appropriateness of the use of jargon. As the study showed, when submitting certain literary works, periodicals, journalistic articles and materials for public review, it is necessary to monitor not only the quantity and quality of this vocabulary, but also the topic where it will look appropriate. After all, in pursuit of popularity and attractiveness, authors often oversaturate the text. Sometimes it causes dissatisfaction in the reader, and sometimes even disgust. Understanding that modern Ukrainian literature is filled with so much youth slang and banter gave us the opportunity to make an in-depth analysis, illustrated with samples taken from the works. Considering everything analysed above, we note that we encounter jargon in everyday life almost every day. Currently, it is used in many areas and we can now clearly define the signs of its use, formation and distribution.

Ukrainian localization when translating games takes place only in a small part of currently popular games on the market, and mainly in the form of subtitles. The currently available Ukrainian-language translations from the Chinese language are mainly performed by volunteer amateurs on their own initiative and usually through the English language. Therefore, the problem of direct professional translation of Chinese-language games is urgent. The article considers the problem of translation transformations when translating proper names and realities, specific items in the process of localization of the mobile game Wild Frontier for Android / iOS users from the Chinese developer company «37games». The translation had specific technical and stylistic requirements for the translation of the names and item names of the internal texts of the game Wild Frontier from the developer. When translating the internal narratives of video games, the most difficult task is to reproduce the game of words and fixed expressions, to identify cultural markers, to accurately convey emotional connotations, to reproduce the accent, to translate neologisms, names of objects, proper names, etc. We should also not forget about differences in linguistic and cultural concepts, such as colors and images at the national level. When translating subject names, we used many lexical transformations, including literal translation, modulation, omission + specification, omission, modulation + specification, contextual substitution. A total of 256 subject names were translated. Modulation, modulation + concretization, and omission + concretization account for the largest share. Of course, this is due to the need to shorten the translation text, specify it as much as possible, so as not to exceed the allowed number of characters. When translating the names of the characters, the most effective was the mixed transformation by transcription and tracing, while the transcription method was found much less often. That is, the strategy of domestication is dominant. This trend can be explained by the fact that the developer from the beginning planned to promote the game on the international market, therefore significantly limited the number of specific images and figures that are understandable only to the Chinese recipient.

Kharkiv romantics school – an association of writers that formed around Kharkov University in 20-40 years of the nineteenth century. І. Sreznevsky, A. Shpyhotskyy, I. Rozkovshenko A. Metlynsky, M. Kostomarov, A. Korsun,M. Petrenko, Ya. Schoholev and others belonged to this union. Activities of the Kharkiv romantics in the first half of the nineteenth century was multifaceted. Kharkiv union members recorded and published folk songs, wrote fiction edited Ukrainian almanacs. Kharkov Romantics are called the organizers of the literary process of Slobozhanshchina at the first half of the nineteenth century. After unifying their activities played a significant role in the formation of modern Ukrainian literature. One of the essential tasks of the Kharkiv romantics school was to find adequate proof Ukrainian spelling and usefulness of Ukrainian language. However, if their literary activities attracted the attention of many researchers (O. Hnidan, V. Smilyanska, M. Yatsenko), the linguistic search of Kharkiv poets for today is unexplored. This fact determines the relevance of this article. O.Pavlovskyy was the one who for the first time formed a new spelling principles in «Little Russian dialect Grammar» ( 1818). It was done because previous versions of spelling based on etymological principle, were extremely complicated and not passed all the features of national language. Focusing on the phonetic principle it was established a few Spelling variants. Thus, in the first half of the nineteenth century «Slobozhanska» spelling main principle was formed. It contained the following: to write as pronounced, with consistent use and compliance with the pronunciation of the letters of the Russian alphabet. To create Slobozhansky spell Gulak-Artemovskij was involved. He was supported by Hrebinka, G. Kwitka-Osnovyanenko, S. Pisarevskii and other writers. This spell was actual until the end of 1850, in the second half of the nineteenth century this spelling is out of use. І. Sreznevsky and A. Metlynsky in their scientific studies justify the ancient origins of the Ukrainian language. A. Metlynsky in his preface to the poetry collection «Thoughts and songs and something else» says about sonority of Ukrainian language and its lexical richness, the extraordinary variety of diminutive forms. Sreznevsky in a letter to Professor I. Snyehirov (1834) strongly argues that the Ukrainian language is not a dialect of Polish or Russian, it is – one of the richest Slavic languages. Referring to the work of G. Skovoroda, I. Kotlyarevskyi, P. Hulak-Artemovs'kyj, І. Sreznevsky claims that the Ukrainian language will be the language of original fiction. O.Korsun in his anthology «SNIP» used a number of innovations that were relevant and entrenched in the Ukrainian language. In particular, Shevchenko highly appreciated the spelling of «SNIP»: in a letter to E.Hrebinka he asks to publish his works in «Lastivka» using this very spelling. Orthographic searching of Kharkiv romantics were used by P. Kulish, who combined achievements of his predecessors and created the «kulishivka» which was published by a number of Ukrainian media.

У статті проаналізовано німецькі запозичення в українській термінології в кількох аспектах. До мовного аналізу залучено терміни німецького походження, кодифіковані в сучасних українських словниках різного типу. Розглянуто адаптування німецьких запозичень до фонетичної, морфологічної, словотвірної й лексико-семантичної систем української мови. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз семантики спеціальних мовних одиниць у тлумачних словниках української та німецької мов. Показано, що через німецьку мову в словниковому складі української мови з’явилося багато термінів з інших мов, серед яких переважають слова-латинізми й слова-грецизми. Підкреслено вплив німецької мови на становлення української й формування її як мови європейської. Ключові слова: міжмовні контакти, українська термінологія, чужомовний термін, німецьке запозичення, адаптування запозичень.

In the Foreign Literature curriculum of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the issue of developing key competencies in secondary education students is prominent, with the section on Communication in Foreign Languages coming in second place after the Ukrainian language skills. This fact shows how much attention the state educational policy of Ukraine pays to the acquisition of foreign language knowledge and skills by secondary school students, confirming the European vector of our country's development. It is through reading foreign fiction in the original language and comparing it with the best examples of domestic translations that secondary school students discover the splendours of the Ukrainian language, help prepare them for intercultural dialogue, and create a demand for learning about other cultures. Also, in the curriculum of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine "Foreign Literature", among others, the tasks of training are identified: familiarization of secondary education applicants with the best examples of original and translated literature (classics and "Golden" Fund of Contemporary Literature); development of their understanding of the peculiarities of fiction as a type of verbal art; acquisition of the ability to perceive, analyse and interpret literary works in terms of the formation of a culture of reading and speech, deepening the understanding of cultural context and communication with other types of art, modern actual problems, self -development and interpretation; development of middle -class students' skills and translation skills; Activation of interest in the study of foreign literature as a kind of art. The work of Scottish poet Robert Burns is widely known and popular far beyond the borders of his homeland. And all thanks to numerous translations of his poetic achievements into almost all known world languages. Ukrainian translations of the Scottish poet's works have their own history. Among the most famous Ukrainian translators of Robert Burns's poetry, Vasyl Mysyk and Mykola Lukash occupy a prominent place. The result of this article is methodological advice on comparing their translations into Ukrainian with the original texts of Robert Burns's poems ‘My Heart in the Highlands...’ and ‘My Love’, which are offered to secondary school students in the 6th and 7th grade curriculum ‘Foreign Literature’ of the New Ukrainian School, edited by a team of authors led by a leading Ukrainian methodologist, Doctor of Philology, Professor O. Nikolenko. The practical implications of this study are to use the material of this article in the study of Robert Burns' works to deepen knowledge of Ukrainian and English, to acquire skills in comparing the original text and translation, to get acquainted with the use of folklore elements in literary works, to instil in students the idea of love for their native land through descriptions of its landscapes and to poetise the feeling of the power of friendship and love, their impact on a person.

The purpose of this study is to examine the acceptance pattern of the parts of speech of loanwords and the restrictions on the derived forms of the loanwords by targeting the verbs formed by combining the suffixes -doeda (되다) , -danghada (당하다), and -sikida (시키다) with the roots of loanwords in Korean. The pattern of acceptance of loanwords can be divided into three types according to the word’s part of speech in the source language. First, when loanwords are nouns in the original language, the word is derived by combining loan words with the derivation suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida without changing the part of speech. Second, when loanwords are verbs in the source language, they are accepted as roots that cannot be used independently in Korean; verbs are derived from loanwords by combining the latter with the suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida. Third, when loanwords are adjectives in the source language, they are accepted as roots that cannot be used independently in Korean. Verbs are then derived by combining these loanwords with the suffixes -doeda/-danghada/-sikida. On the other hand, restrictions on the derived forms of loanwords can be divided along two dimensions. First, there is a semantic restriction regarding the use of the passive and causative affixes: -doeda/-danghada functions to reduce the verb’s valency and semantically adds the meaning of [passive]; contrariwise, -sikida functions to increase the verb’s valency and adds the meaning of [causative] semantically. Second, there is a binding restriction according to the part of speech of the root, such that the part of speech of the loanword in the source language is retained as much as possible.

There is still a great interest in the functional side of language phenomena in modern linguistics. The semantics of language units is closely related to a specific speech situation. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze both the context and the inter-compatibility of lexemes in order to describe the specifics of their meanings. The article aims to describe the features of combining the adjective kichizhek ‘small’ with nouns, and this aspect has not been previously studied separately in the Khakass linguistics. The adjective under investigation refers to diminutive adjectives. Diminutives are units characterized by the property of being smaller than the usual size for objects of this type. The diminutive adjective kichizhek ‘small’ is formed by the affix =zhakh from the adjective kichig, which in the “Khakass-Russian dictionary” is interpreted as: “1) small, small (in size); kichig aal small village; kichig tura small house; kеgeneem kichig dress [me] little; 2) small, small (growth); kichig synnyg (sӧӧktig) khys a small person; 3) younger, child, infant; young (by age); kichig oolgym [my] younger son; kichig tusta in childhood (in childhood); kichig naturalist young naturalist.” By analyzing the examples presented in the file, the following groups of combinations of the diminutive adjective kichizhek ‘small’ with nouns were identified: with the names of non-adult people, kinship names, anthroponyms, names of human body parts, living creatures (small size), objects (small), parts of objects, structures, places, parts of structures, parts of plants, natural objects (small size), substances (as grounds for comparisons). No combinations of this adjective with abstract names have been found. Thus, the diminutive combinations with adjective kichizhek ‘small’ have proved to be used more often to denote small objects of the nomination, with all objects being smaller than a man. The names of natural objects were used as a basis for comparison (a candle is compared with the sun, sparrows – with clouds).

Rusanivskyi’s scientific works on grammar, lexicology, lexicography, spelling, history of Ukrainian literary language, sociolinguistics, as well as philosophy of language, theoretical and practical issues of Slavic studies represent the level of development of Ukrainian linguistics of the second half of XX – early XXI century. The overarching idea of the author’s research is the search for new aspects of language cognition due to the ontological and epistemological nature of this object. The first studies are devoted to the history of the Ukrainian language, namely the study of grammatical categories of type and time in the Ukrainian language of the XVI – XVII centuries. In the landmark work “Structure of the Ukrainian verb” on a large factual material, the researcher traced the structural changes (variance of the morpheme composition) of verbs in different time sections of the Ukrainian language. The most expressive among the constants of the linguist’s scientific style is attention and constant reference to lexical semantics, to the meaning of a word in a dictionary and in specific texts. The author traces and theoretically substantiates the tendencies of movement in the immanent semantic structure of the vocabulary of each natural language. It is this tendency that explains V.M. Rusanivskyi’s constant appeal to the structural-semantic analysis of T. Shevchenko’s dictionary of language, to the disclosure of the semantic depth of the word in his texts. Without claiming a comprehensive analysis of the constants of Rusanivskyi’s scientific style, we emphasize the heuristic value of the following authorial concepts: a) representation of grammatical categories of verbs as the unity of form and meaning of a language unit; b) the interaction of lexical and grammatical semantics at all levels of language structure; c) constructive interaction of functional and expressive styles in the history of literary language; d) the history of the formation of the literary norm of the Ukrainian language; e) development of the Ukrainian literary language in the context of system-structural, functional-communicative and extralingual factors.

The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.